NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL 2 LATEST
VERSIONS REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+ (PORTAGE LEARNING)
Types of cellular healing - ANSWER: 1. resolution
2. regeneration
3. replacement
Resolution cellular healing is what? - ANSWER: minimal tissue damage
Quick resolution of injury
Ex: abrasion on the knee
Regeneration cellular healing is what? - ANSWER: tissue is regenerated by new cells.
This only occurs if cells are able to regenerate.
Ex: liver
Replacement cellular healing is what? - ANSWER: original cells cannot regenerate.
The result normal cells are replaced by another type of cell.
What type of cells usually replace normal cells in replacement healing? - ANSWER:
connective/scar
What can result from replacement healing? - ANSWER: decreased function
What are the two healing processes - ANSWER: 1. First intention (sutured)
2. Second intention (open healing)
What is first intention healing process? - ANSWER: 1. injury and inflammation (suture
holds edges together
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. small scar remains
uses fibroblast
What is the second intention healing process? - ANSWER: 1. injury and inflammation
(no suture- open edges)
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. large scar remains-due to increased fibrinous and scar tissue
Factors that promote healing - ANSWER: youth
good nutrition: protein, Vit A&C
adequate Hemoglobin
Effective Circulation
Clean, undisturbed wound
Factors that delay healing - ANSWER: advanced age (reduced mitosis)
Poor nutrition
,Dehydration
Anemia
Circ. problems
irritation
Infection
Prolonged use of glucocorticoids
Complications of healing - ANSWER: loss of function
contracture/obstruction
adhesions
Keloids
Ulcerations
Metaplasia
What is a Keloid - ANSWER: an abnormal response to scar formation (big puffy scar)
Steps of the inflammatory response - ANSWER: 1. damaged tissues release
histamines increasing blood flow to the area
2. histamines cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors into
wound
3. phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
4. platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area;
What are the non-specific defenses - ANSWER: 1. fluids (tears, saliva, mucus, gastric)
2. barriers (skin and membranes)
3. Phagocytosis
What are the specific defenses - ANSWER: 1. Humoral
2. Cell mediated
What are the granulocytes - ANSWER: neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
What are neutrophils - ANSWER: most abundant phagocyte (70-75%)
- usualy increased to show bacterial infection (left shift)
What are basophils - ANSWER: histamine releasing phagocyte
What are Eosinophils - ANSWER: phagocytes released in
-Type I allergic
Histamine release
What are the agranulocytes - ANSWER: B-Cells
T-Cells
Monocyte-Macrophage
, What cells are involved in specific immunity - ANSWER: B & T cells
Humoral immunity is which cell - ANSWER: B cell
Cell mediated immunity is which cell - ANSWER: T cell
what are monocytes - ANSWER: they sound alarm
-present in the lymph node to specific immunity system and become AG presenting
cells then the B cells pump out AB
When do monocytes become macrophages - ANSWER: diapedesis into the tissue
Local effects of Inflammation - ANSWER: redness (Rubor)
Warmth (calor)
Swelling/Edema
Pain
Loss of function
What is exudate - ANSWER: fluid collection at site of increased vascular permeability
What are the types of exudate - ANSWER: serous
fibrinous
purulent
abscess
hemorrhagic
What is serous exudate - ANSWER: clear yellow fluid
What is fibrinous exudate - ANSWER: high amts. of fibrin
What is purulent exudate - ANSWER: many dead WBCs
What is Abscess exudate - ANSWER: "walled off"- protected purulent exudate
-Usually needs Incised and drained
What is Hemorrhagic exudate - ANSWER: if injury causes artery/vein compromise,
blood collects
Systemic effects of Inflammation - ANSWER: mild fever (pyrexia)- pyrogens
malaise: feeling not well
Fatigue
HA
Anorexia
Presence of ALT Isoenzyme - ANSWER: liver damage
Presence of AST isoenzyme - ANSWER: nonspecific, could be liver or cardiac
VERSIONS REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+ (PORTAGE LEARNING)
Types of cellular healing - ANSWER: 1. resolution
2. regeneration
3. replacement
Resolution cellular healing is what? - ANSWER: minimal tissue damage
Quick resolution of injury
Ex: abrasion on the knee
Regeneration cellular healing is what? - ANSWER: tissue is regenerated by new cells.
This only occurs if cells are able to regenerate.
Ex: liver
Replacement cellular healing is what? - ANSWER: original cells cannot regenerate.
The result normal cells are replaced by another type of cell.
What type of cells usually replace normal cells in replacement healing? - ANSWER:
connective/scar
What can result from replacement healing? - ANSWER: decreased function
What are the two healing processes - ANSWER: 1. First intention (sutured)
2. Second intention (open healing)
What is first intention healing process? - ANSWER: 1. injury and inflammation (suture
holds edges together
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. small scar remains
uses fibroblast
What is the second intention healing process? - ANSWER: 1. injury and inflammation
(no suture- open edges)
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. large scar remains-due to increased fibrinous and scar tissue
Factors that promote healing - ANSWER: youth
good nutrition: protein, Vit A&C
adequate Hemoglobin
Effective Circulation
Clean, undisturbed wound
Factors that delay healing - ANSWER: advanced age (reduced mitosis)
Poor nutrition
,Dehydration
Anemia
Circ. problems
irritation
Infection
Prolonged use of glucocorticoids
Complications of healing - ANSWER: loss of function
contracture/obstruction
adhesions
Keloids
Ulcerations
Metaplasia
What is a Keloid - ANSWER: an abnormal response to scar formation (big puffy scar)
Steps of the inflammatory response - ANSWER: 1. damaged tissues release
histamines increasing blood flow to the area
2. histamines cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors into
wound
3. phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
4. platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area;
What are the non-specific defenses - ANSWER: 1. fluids (tears, saliva, mucus, gastric)
2. barriers (skin and membranes)
3. Phagocytosis
What are the specific defenses - ANSWER: 1. Humoral
2. Cell mediated
What are the granulocytes - ANSWER: neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
What are neutrophils - ANSWER: most abundant phagocyte (70-75%)
- usualy increased to show bacterial infection (left shift)
What are basophils - ANSWER: histamine releasing phagocyte
What are Eosinophils - ANSWER: phagocytes released in
-Type I allergic
Histamine release
What are the agranulocytes - ANSWER: B-Cells
T-Cells
Monocyte-Macrophage
, What cells are involved in specific immunity - ANSWER: B & T cells
Humoral immunity is which cell - ANSWER: B cell
Cell mediated immunity is which cell - ANSWER: T cell
what are monocytes - ANSWER: they sound alarm
-present in the lymph node to specific immunity system and become AG presenting
cells then the B cells pump out AB
When do monocytes become macrophages - ANSWER: diapedesis into the tissue
Local effects of Inflammation - ANSWER: redness (Rubor)
Warmth (calor)
Swelling/Edema
Pain
Loss of function
What is exudate - ANSWER: fluid collection at site of increased vascular permeability
What are the types of exudate - ANSWER: serous
fibrinous
purulent
abscess
hemorrhagic
What is serous exudate - ANSWER: clear yellow fluid
What is fibrinous exudate - ANSWER: high amts. of fibrin
What is purulent exudate - ANSWER: many dead WBCs
What is Abscess exudate - ANSWER: "walled off"- protected purulent exudate
-Usually needs Incised and drained
What is Hemorrhagic exudate - ANSWER: if injury causes artery/vein compromise,
blood collects
Systemic effects of Inflammation - ANSWER: mild fever (pyrexia)- pyrogens
malaise: feeling not well
Fatigue
HA
Anorexia
Presence of ALT Isoenzyme - ANSWER: liver damage
Presence of AST isoenzyme - ANSWER: nonspecific, could be liver or cardiac
