NUR 612- Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange Questions and Correct Answers

Define the terms hypoxemia and hypercapnia and compare the manifestations of each. hypoxemia: when arterial PaO2 is 95. hypercapnia: increased CO2 in blood. PaCO2 is greater than 45. Differentiate between the mechanisms causing disorders of ventilation and diffusion. Disorders of ventilation affect how air move in and out of the lung. Disorders of diffusion affect how gasses move between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. Characterize the pathogenesis and manifestations of transudative and exudative pleural effusion, chylothorax, and hemothorax. transudate/exudative: often contains inflammatory cells (Pus). chylothroax: contains chylomicrons or lymph fluid. hemothroax: blood collecting in the pleural space (chest injury/malignancy) Differentiate among the causes and manifestations of spontaneous pneumothorax, secondary pneumothorax, and tension pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumo: Occurs when an air-filled blister on the lung surface ruptures. Primary - occur in young, healthy men. Secondary - emphysema- alveoli sacs stay enlarged. Tension penumo: Occurs when the intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. Usually d/t trauma/intubation. Describe the causes of pleurisy (pleuritis) and differentiate the characteristics of pleural pain from other types of chest pain. Usually abrupt in onset and localized. May be referred to shoulder. Usually made worse by chest movements. TV is kept small and respirations increase. Caused by inflammation of the pluera d/t infection. Describe the interaction between one's genetics, alteration of the immune response, and environmental agents in the pathogenesis of asthma or reactive airways disease. Allergens, Respiratory tract infections, Exercise, Drugs, chemicals, Hormonal changes and emotional upsets, Airborne pollutants, and GERD can all contribute to asthma. Review asthma severity scale. Differentiate