NCE/CPCE RESEARCH AND PROGRAM EVAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Paradigm
a way of viewing the world (or "analytic lens" akin to a set of glasses) and a framework from which to
understand the human experience
Positivism
A research paradigm developed in the late 17th century of the Age of Enlightenment.
The positivist paradigm of exploring social reality is based on the idea that one can best gain an
understanding of human behaviour through observation and reason.
Universal Truth is based on experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and experiment
Similar to quantitative research.
Post-positivism
truth can only be approximated because of inherent errors present when measuring reality
more prevalent in quantitative research.
,measurement error in terms of validity and reliability is emphasized.
For example, people seem to know what they ate for breakfast even though they have faulty memories.
Quantitative Research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Constructivism Paradigm
based on observation and scientific study --
about how people learn.
It says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing
things and reflecting on those experiences.
Qualitative Research
critical/ideological paradigm
focused on power, inequality, and social change.
researchers taking a proactive role and confront the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or
underprivileged groups
qualitative research design
Nazi medical war crimes
,involved exploiting and deceiving prisoners to understand how the human body would react to various
conditions.
paved way for the Nuremberg Code.
Nuremberg Code
a set of 10 research ethics principles for human experimentation.
Belmont Report
1979
ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research
outlined ethical standards in terms of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Milgram Obedience Studies
study of the phenomenon of obedience to an authority figure, examined the effects of punishment on
learning (shock treatment for mistakes, 65% shocked dangerous amounts when ordered).
Learners (milligram's team) pretended to be shocked by the teachers (participants)
There was no debriefing of this study.
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)
Physicians studying the longterm effects of syphilis told 400 AA Males with syphilis they were receiving
treatment for "bad blood". Participants were never informed of actual diagnosis and never received
, penicillin for treatment.
Study, more than others, led to construction of Belmont report and hastened the call for informed
consent, right to withdraw, and guidelines for use of deception.
Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
Unethical study involving injection of cancer cells into subjects without their consent
Willowbrook Study
injected children with hepatitis virus, without parents having option of declining participation, or
knowing long-term effects
ACA Code of Ethics
Ethics and ethical codes exist within a profession to define a framework for conduct within that
profession. While providing general guidelines for counselor behavior in relationships with clients,
ethical codes do not provide specific answers. As a result, the counselor is often faced with ethical
dilemmas that need to be addressed through consultation or supervision with other counseling
practitioners.
The Common Rule (45 CFR 46)
outlines policies and guide researchers who use human subjects.
has specific requirements for the following vulnerable populations such as fetuses, children, and those
with mental disabilities.
HIPPA
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Paradigm
a way of viewing the world (or "analytic lens" akin to a set of glasses) and a framework from which to
understand the human experience
Positivism
A research paradigm developed in the late 17th century of the Age of Enlightenment.
The positivist paradigm of exploring social reality is based on the idea that one can best gain an
understanding of human behaviour through observation and reason.
Universal Truth is based on experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and experiment
Similar to quantitative research.
Post-positivism
truth can only be approximated because of inherent errors present when measuring reality
more prevalent in quantitative research.
,measurement error in terms of validity and reliability is emphasized.
For example, people seem to know what they ate for breakfast even though they have faulty memories.
Quantitative Research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Constructivism Paradigm
based on observation and scientific study --
about how people learn.
It says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing
things and reflecting on those experiences.
Qualitative Research
critical/ideological paradigm
focused on power, inequality, and social change.
researchers taking a proactive role and confront the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or
underprivileged groups
qualitative research design
Nazi medical war crimes
,involved exploiting and deceiving prisoners to understand how the human body would react to various
conditions.
paved way for the Nuremberg Code.
Nuremberg Code
a set of 10 research ethics principles for human experimentation.
Belmont Report
1979
ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research
outlined ethical standards in terms of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Milgram Obedience Studies
study of the phenomenon of obedience to an authority figure, examined the effects of punishment on
learning (shock treatment for mistakes, 65% shocked dangerous amounts when ordered).
Learners (milligram's team) pretended to be shocked by the teachers (participants)
There was no debriefing of this study.
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)
Physicians studying the longterm effects of syphilis told 400 AA Males with syphilis they were receiving
treatment for "bad blood". Participants were never informed of actual diagnosis and never received
, penicillin for treatment.
Study, more than others, led to construction of Belmont report and hastened the call for informed
consent, right to withdraw, and guidelines for use of deception.
Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
Unethical study involving injection of cancer cells into subjects without their consent
Willowbrook Study
injected children with hepatitis virus, without parents having option of declining participation, or
knowing long-term effects
ACA Code of Ethics
Ethics and ethical codes exist within a profession to define a framework for conduct within that
profession. While providing general guidelines for counselor behavior in relationships with clients,
ethical codes do not provide specific answers. As a result, the counselor is often faced with ethical
dilemmas that need to be addressed through consultation or supervision with other counseling
practitioners.
The Common Rule (45 CFR 46)
outlines policies and guide researchers who use human subjects.
has specific requirements for the following vulnerable populations such as fetuses, children, and those
with mental disabilities.
HIPPA
