PCOL 824 Final Exam UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Acetylcholine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Endogenous ligand for nicotinic and muscarinic
receptors. Easily hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase.
Methacholine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Methylated version of ACh makes it less
susceptible to hydrolysis. Has high affinity for muscarinic receptors and no affinity for
nicotinic receptors.
Carbachol - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Transaminated version of ACh that results in
negligible hydrolysis for longer half life. Has normal affinity for nicotinic receptors and
lesser affinity for muscarinic receptors.
Bethanechol - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Transaminated and methylated version of ACh that
has negligible hydrolysis and no nicotinic action. This ACh agonist is exclusive to muscarinic
receptors.
Muscarine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Chiefly muscarinic cholinomimetic alkaloid. Non-
selective and not degraded by cholinesterases.
Oxytremorine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Similar to muscarine, causes CNS tremors as a
model for Parkinson's disease.
Arecholine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cholinomimetic alkaloid, from "betel nut." Used
extensively in South Asia as a mild euphoric and causes robust salivation.
Nicotine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cholinomimetic alkaloid with primarily nicotinic
action. Non-selective and not degraded by cholinesterases.
DMPP - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Similar to nicotine, important for selective stimulation of
ganglionic nicotinic receptors.
, Pilocarpine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cholinomimetic alkaloid, mostly for ocular use,
some CNS activity.
M1 Receptor locations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- CNS neurons
M2 Receptor locations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Heart and some smooth muscle
M3 Receptor locations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Exocrine glands and smooth muscle
Muscarinic stimulation (GI and Urinary) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Increased urination
and defecation, increased pepsin/gastric acid/mucus secretions, nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramps at toxic doses
Muscarinic stimulation (Eye) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Miosis (pupillary constriction via
sphincter muscle), accommodation for near vision (contraction of ciliary muscle of lens cause
it to be more convex), decreased intraocular pressure via aqueous humor outflow (related to
ciliary muscle contraction)
Muscarinic stimulation (Cardiovascular) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Vasodilation,
hypotension, and reflex tachycardia (arteriole effect), bradycardia (slow heart rate), decreased
contraction force and cardiac arrest
Muscarinic stimulation (Other) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Exocrine gland secretions,
bronchoconstriction, skeletal muscle contraction and cramps (nicotinic effect)
Cevimeline - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Muscarinic agonist for management of dry mouth in
Sjogren's syndrome. Activates M3 receptors exclusively, but does not act as long as
bethanechol.
Physostigmine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Structure
permits crossing of BBB and can have CNS effects.
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Acetylcholine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Endogenous ligand for nicotinic and muscarinic
receptors. Easily hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase.
Methacholine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Methylated version of ACh makes it less
susceptible to hydrolysis. Has high affinity for muscarinic receptors and no affinity for
nicotinic receptors.
Carbachol - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Transaminated version of ACh that results in
negligible hydrolysis for longer half life. Has normal affinity for nicotinic receptors and
lesser affinity for muscarinic receptors.
Bethanechol - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Transaminated and methylated version of ACh that
has negligible hydrolysis and no nicotinic action. This ACh agonist is exclusive to muscarinic
receptors.
Muscarine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Chiefly muscarinic cholinomimetic alkaloid. Non-
selective and not degraded by cholinesterases.
Oxytremorine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Similar to muscarine, causes CNS tremors as a
model for Parkinson's disease.
Arecholine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cholinomimetic alkaloid, from "betel nut." Used
extensively in South Asia as a mild euphoric and causes robust salivation.
Nicotine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cholinomimetic alkaloid with primarily nicotinic
action. Non-selective and not degraded by cholinesterases.
DMPP - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Similar to nicotine, important for selective stimulation of
ganglionic nicotinic receptors.
, Pilocarpine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cholinomimetic alkaloid, mostly for ocular use,
some CNS activity.
M1 Receptor locations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- CNS neurons
M2 Receptor locations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Heart and some smooth muscle
M3 Receptor locations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Exocrine glands and smooth muscle
Muscarinic stimulation (GI and Urinary) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Increased urination
and defecation, increased pepsin/gastric acid/mucus secretions, nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramps at toxic doses
Muscarinic stimulation (Eye) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Miosis (pupillary constriction via
sphincter muscle), accommodation for near vision (contraction of ciliary muscle of lens cause
it to be more convex), decreased intraocular pressure via aqueous humor outflow (related to
ciliary muscle contraction)
Muscarinic stimulation (Cardiovascular) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Vasodilation,
hypotension, and reflex tachycardia (arteriole effect), bradycardia (slow heart rate), decreased
contraction force and cardiac arrest
Muscarinic stimulation (Other) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Exocrine gland secretions,
bronchoconstriction, skeletal muscle contraction and cramps (nicotinic effect)
Cevimeline - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Muscarinic agonist for management of dry mouth in
Sjogren's syndrome. Activates M3 receptors exclusively, but does not act as long as
bethanechol.
Physostigmine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Structure
permits crossing of BBB and can have CNS effects.
