NUR 111- Pain Review Questions and Correct Answers

Nature of Pain 1) Physical, emotional, cognitive components 2) Physical and/or mental status 3) Is exhausting and demands energy 4) Interferes with relationships Physiology of Pain 1) Transduction 2) Transmission 3) Perception 4) Modulation Transduction 1) Converts energy produced by these stimuli into electrical energy 2) Begins in periphery when a pain-producing stimulus sends an impulse across a sensory peripheral pain nerve fiber (nociceptor) - action potential Transmission Impulse moves from level of spinal cord to the brain Perception Conscious awareness of painful sensation Modulation Inhibition of pain impulse Nociceptive Pain 1) "Normal" pain 2) Normal functioning of physiological systems 3) E.g. pain from surgery, trauma, burns, tumor growth 4) Aching, cramping, throbbing Pain of Low-Moderate Intensity Stimulate... Fight-or-flight response (GAS) Stimulation of the Sympathetic Branch of Autonomic Nervous System Results in.. Physiological response Continuous, Severe, and Deep Pain Involve.. Pain of visceral organs Cellular Damage is Caused by... 1) Thermal 2) Mechanical 3) Chemical Stimuli Excitatory Neurotransmitters 1) Prostaglandins 2) Bradykinin 3) Substance P 4) Histamine 5) Serotonin 6) Neuromodulators Types of Pain 1) Acute 2) Chronic 3) Cancer 4) Inferred 5) Idiopathic Idiopathic Pain Chronic in absence of ID physical or psychological cause or pain perceived as excessive for extent of organic pathological condition Nursing Knowledge Base 1) Attitude of health care providers - Malingerer or complainer 2) Assumption about clients in pain - Biases based on culture, education, experiences Factors Influencing Pain 1) Physiological - Age, fatigue, genes, neurological function 2) Social 3) Psychological - Anxiety, coping style 4) Spiritual 5) Cultural - Meaning of pain, ethnicity Nursing Process and Pain 1) Pain management needs to be systematic 2) Pain management needs to consider the client's quality of life 3) Clinical guidelines are available to manage pain - American Pain Society - National Guideline Clearing House