ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED 2024/2025
Surveillance Bias
May result in erroneous estimates of the relative risk or odds ratio by paying closer attention to a
monitored population
Selection Bias
An error in selecting a study group or groups that has a major impact on internal validity
Bias
Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of
an exposure's effect on the risk of disease
Information Bias
The means for obtaining information about subjects is inadequate, and outcomes are incorrect
USPSTF Grade A
The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that the net benefit is substantial. Offer or
provide this service.
USPSTF Grade B
The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate or there is
moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial. Offer or provide this service.
, USPSTF Grade C
The USPSTF recommends selectively offering or providing this service to individual patients based on
professional judgment and patient preferences. There is at least moderate certainty that the net benefit
is small. Offer or provide this service for selected patients depending on individual circumstances.
USPSTF Grade I
The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and
harms of the service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and
harms cannot be determined. Read the clinical considerations section of USPSTF Recommendation
Statement. If the service is offered, patients should understand the uncertainty about the balance of
benefits and harms.
USPSTF Grade D
The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or high certainty that the service has no
net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits. Discourage the use of this service.
A cohort study design compares those exposed and those not exposed to follow up on ________.
the time in which the disease developed
All of the following are important criteria when making causal inferences EXCEPT ________.
predictive value
The Strength of Association guideline in a suspected causal relationship is measured by the relative
risk (odds ratio). This means that ________.
It assesses the dose response of the relationship to determine causality or not