HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY REVISION SUMMARY
Metabolism
Biochemical reactions that occur within the body, divided into
two phases: catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism
Chemical reactions that break down complex substances into
simpler substances.
Anabolism
Chemical reactions that build up simple substances into
complex substances.
Excretion
Removal of the waste byproducts of metabolic reactions; it
prevents substances from reaching toxic levels in the body; To
avoid a build up of this byproduct in the body, it is excreted
when breathing out.
Responsiveness/regulation
The ability of the human body to detect changes in the
environment and make any appropriate responses.
Responsiveness
,is important to ensure survival. For example, the nervous
system can detect tissue damage such as when you burn your
finger on a hot iron and initiate the appropriate response, e.g.
withdrawal of the hand.
Movement
A change in position or location (can occur at all levels of
structural organization). Movement of certain substances or
cells around the body at key points in time is crucial for the
correct functioning of many of the systems of the body, e.g. the
heart pumps blood around the body.
Growth
An increase in body size due to cell development and
differentiation.
Differentiation
The process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized.
Each cell in the body has a different structure to that of its
precursor cell. For example, red blood cells and some white
blood cells arise from the same type of cell in the bone marrow.
Reproduction
Refers to the formation of new cells within an individual in
order to repair, replace, or grow new tissue. It can can also refer
to the fertilization of an egg by a sperm at the beginning of a
new life.
5 levels of organization:
, Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > System > Organism (the
body).
The chemical level
is the most basic level of structural organization.
The human body
is made up of chemical elements called atoms. Oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of the body's mass. There
are 22 other elements that also commonly occur in the human
body, such as iron for example.
Atoms:
combine to form molecules, for example water, glucose, and
DNA. The properties of different atoms, and therefore
molecules, result in a wide array of chemical reactions, and this
leads to a greater degree of complexity in the higher levels of
structural organization.
The cellular level:
There are many different types of cells found in the body, such
as sperm cells or nerve cells. The sum of the chemical reactions
in a cell makes up its structure and function. Often these
reactions are confined to specific regions within a cell, known as
organelles. These are made of molecules organized into special
functional units.
The tissue level:
PHYSIOLOGY REVISION SUMMARY
Metabolism
Biochemical reactions that occur within the body, divided into
two phases: catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism
Chemical reactions that break down complex substances into
simpler substances.
Anabolism
Chemical reactions that build up simple substances into
complex substances.
Excretion
Removal of the waste byproducts of metabolic reactions; it
prevents substances from reaching toxic levels in the body; To
avoid a build up of this byproduct in the body, it is excreted
when breathing out.
Responsiveness/regulation
The ability of the human body to detect changes in the
environment and make any appropriate responses.
Responsiveness
,is important to ensure survival. For example, the nervous
system can detect tissue damage such as when you burn your
finger on a hot iron and initiate the appropriate response, e.g.
withdrawal of the hand.
Movement
A change in position or location (can occur at all levels of
structural organization). Movement of certain substances or
cells around the body at key points in time is crucial for the
correct functioning of many of the systems of the body, e.g. the
heart pumps blood around the body.
Growth
An increase in body size due to cell development and
differentiation.
Differentiation
The process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized.
Each cell in the body has a different structure to that of its
precursor cell. For example, red blood cells and some white
blood cells arise from the same type of cell in the bone marrow.
Reproduction
Refers to the formation of new cells within an individual in
order to repair, replace, or grow new tissue. It can can also refer
to the fertilization of an egg by a sperm at the beginning of a
new life.
5 levels of organization:
, Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > System > Organism (the
body).
The chemical level
is the most basic level of structural organization.
The human body
is made up of chemical elements called atoms. Oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of the body's mass. There
are 22 other elements that also commonly occur in the human
body, such as iron for example.
Atoms:
combine to form molecules, for example water, glucose, and
DNA. The properties of different atoms, and therefore
molecules, result in a wide array of chemical reactions, and this
leads to a greater degree of complexity in the higher levels of
structural organization.
The cellular level:
There are many different types of cells found in the body, such
as sperm cells or nerve cells. The sum of the chemical reactions
in a cell makes up its structure and function. Often these
reactions are confined to specific regions within a cell, known as
organelles. These are made of molecules organized into special
functional units.
The tissue level:
