HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY ANALYZED REVISION
SUMMARY
1. Anatomy
study of form
-organs
gross (macroscopic) anatomy
study of larger structures with an unaided eye
Microscopic Anatomy
study of smaller structures that need to be seen with
microscope
physiology
Study of function
-how a muscle contracts
Why are anatomy and physiology studied together?
form and function are interrelated, functions give reasons for
structural details and structural relationships clarify function
(ex. elbow joint)
2. levels of organization
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
,cell
the smallest structural and functional unit of life (2)
- 200 different types
- cell's function determines its shapes and size
tissue
collection of cells and cell products that perform a specific
function (2)
- cells combine to make tissue
- epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue
organ
a functional unit composed of more than one tissue type (2)
- tissue combines to make organs
a function is determined by its tissues and their specific
organization
organ system
a group of organs that perform a specific range of functions
primary functions and major organs/structures for each of the
organ systems. (DR. CLUMNISER)
digestive- stomach, absorbs nutrients from food
respiratory- lungs, deliver oxygen to the blood
cardiovascular- heart, transport
lymphatic- spleen and lymph nodes, defends pathogens and
disease
,urinary- kidneys, filter excess water
muscular- smooth (involuntary movements and regulate temp),
cardiac (involuntary, pumping blood), and skeletal,
nervous- brain, controls voluntary and involuntary responses
integumnatery- skin, enclose and protects body
skeletal- bones, support and give body shape
endocrine- glands, chemical messengers and carry hormones
reproductive- vagina and penis, reproduce
3. Homeostasis
the presence of a stable internal environment in the body (3)
- the foundation of modern physiology
- vital to human survival
-regulated by adjusting physiological process
homeostatic mechanisms
physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis (1)
- occurs in response to a stimulus
Homeo mechanism
stimulus, receptor, afferent signal, control center, efferent
signal, effector, mechanism, feedback, homeostasis
stimulus
any change in the environment
- ex. change in temp
receptor
, detects change
afferent signals
sends communication from the receptor to the control center
control center
processes information and decides how to respond
efferent signal
sends communication from the control center to the effector
effector
carries out the action
ex. window unit
electrical signals
- occur along neurons
- faster with short term effects
- used by the nervous system
ex. catching footballs
chemical signals
hormones
- used by the endocrine system
- releases into the bloodstream
- slower with long-term effect
negative feedback
PHYSIOLOGY ANALYZED REVISION
SUMMARY
1. Anatomy
study of form
-organs
gross (macroscopic) anatomy
study of larger structures with an unaided eye
Microscopic Anatomy
study of smaller structures that need to be seen with
microscope
physiology
Study of function
-how a muscle contracts
Why are anatomy and physiology studied together?
form and function are interrelated, functions give reasons for
structural details and structural relationships clarify function
(ex. elbow joint)
2. levels of organization
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
,cell
the smallest structural and functional unit of life (2)
- 200 different types
- cell's function determines its shapes and size
tissue
collection of cells and cell products that perform a specific
function (2)
- cells combine to make tissue
- epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue
organ
a functional unit composed of more than one tissue type (2)
- tissue combines to make organs
a function is determined by its tissues and their specific
organization
organ system
a group of organs that perform a specific range of functions
primary functions and major organs/structures for each of the
organ systems. (DR. CLUMNISER)
digestive- stomach, absorbs nutrients from food
respiratory- lungs, deliver oxygen to the blood
cardiovascular- heart, transport
lymphatic- spleen and lymph nodes, defends pathogens and
disease
,urinary- kidneys, filter excess water
muscular- smooth (involuntary movements and regulate temp),
cardiac (involuntary, pumping blood), and skeletal,
nervous- brain, controls voluntary and involuntary responses
integumnatery- skin, enclose and protects body
skeletal- bones, support and give body shape
endocrine- glands, chemical messengers and carry hormones
reproductive- vagina and penis, reproduce
3. Homeostasis
the presence of a stable internal environment in the body (3)
- the foundation of modern physiology
- vital to human survival
-regulated by adjusting physiological process
homeostatic mechanisms
physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis (1)
- occurs in response to a stimulus
Homeo mechanism
stimulus, receptor, afferent signal, control center, efferent
signal, effector, mechanism, feedback, homeostasis
stimulus
any change in the environment
- ex. change in temp
receptor
, detects change
afferent signals
sends communication from the receptor to the control center
control center
processes information and decides how to respond
efferent signal
sends communication from the control center to the effector
effector
carries out the action
ex. window unit
electrical signals
- occur along neurons
- faster with short term effects
- used by the nervous system
ex. catching footballs
chemical signals
hormones
- used by the endocrine system
- releases into the bloodstream
- slower with long-term effect
negative feedback
