University of Ottawa: GEO 1111 Quizzes 1-4 Answered Latest Fall 2024/2025.

Short Answer Answer Quiz 1: Intro, Structure of the Earth, Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics Version 1 1. Study the images below, showing the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, and bathymetry. a. What type of plate boundary is represented? Convergent b. Briefly explain your answer using the evidence/data in the images It is convergent since all volcanic arcs are on the one side while the boundary is on the other. Convergent plate boundary occurs either with ocean-ocean or ocean-continent, which by these images, it is an ocean-continent. The red dots (on the image that measures earthquakes) show that the west coast is the tectonic plates dive back into the mantle--where earthquakes occur more often/strongest. This is a major indicator for convergent plates, as convergent plates are moving towards each other, while the other two types are either moving away (divergent) or sideways (transform). 2. At a convergent boundary where subduction occurs, only a continental plate can be the overriding (non-subducting) plate. a. Trueb. False 3. Select all statements that are correct: a. A tectonic plate boundary is always a "continental active margin" b. Earthquakes occur at active continental margins c. A tectonic plate can be made of both continental and oceanic lithosphere d. Earthquakes only occur at tectonic plate boundaries 4. Match the solid Earth layers to their chemical properties (chemistry) _4_ Core _2_ Oceanic crust _3_ Mantle _1_ Continental crust 1. Granite 2. Basalt 3. Peridotite 4. Iron-nickel metal alloy 5. Gold 6. Oxygen 5. A geoscientist discovers coal in a modern-day cold, snowy location. What might they conclude? Select all that apply. a. The area was once at a different latitude on the globe b. The area was once covered with an ocean c. Past climate must have been such that coal swamps could form at high latitudes d. The area was once covered with swamps or jungles 6. Study the following cartoon depicting a transform boundary at the mid-ocean ridge. The red lines represent the mid-ocean ridge segments. A transform fault connects the two mid-ocean ridge segments. What is the motion on the transform fault? a. transform no arrows 2b. transform no arrows 1 7. The tectonic plates are made of crust and mantle material. a. True b. False 8. The mantle is the most voluminous layer of the Earth a. True b. False 9. Pressure increases with depth inside the Earth because of the increasing weight of the overlying material. a. True b. False 10. Match the following forces driving plate tectonics to the correct description _1_ Slab pull _2_ Ridge push 1. Once oceanic lithosphere starts to sink back into the mantle, it drags the rest of the plate with it 2. The mid-oceanic ridge is buoyant and sits higher than the rest of the oceanic lithosphere. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge to push on the lithosphere away from it.3. Hot material comes up through mantle upwelling and cold material sinks through downwelling 11. How do earthquakes and the seismic waves they produce help us map the internal structure of the Earth? a. Seismic waves change the density of the materials they travel through b. Seismic waves travel at different speeds in materials of different density c. Earthquakes cannot help us map the structure of the Earth d. Earthquakes create deep fractures that allow us to see inside the Earth 12. Study the following cross section, from point A to point B. Select the corresponding topographic map. a.b. 13. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust. a. True b. False 14. Study the following cartoon depicting a transform boundary at the mid-ocean ridge. The red lines represent the mid-ocean ridge segments. A horizontal line separates the ridge segments. Which part or parts of that line is/are a fault? a. Only the solid horizontal line is a fault b. The full length of it, including the solid line and the dashed lines c. Only the dashed horizontal lines are faults 15. Select all that apply. The ocean is deeper over the abyssal plains than at the mid-oceanic ridges because: a. Colder material is more dense than warmer material b. The igneous oceanic crust gets thicker away from the mid-oceanic ridge c. Lithospheric mantle is essentially non-existent at the mid-oceanic ridge, but gets progressively thicker away from the ridge d. The asthenosphere is softer away from the mid-oceanic ridge, allowing the lithosphere to sink deeper16. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere occurs at convergent boundaries because the density of the old (10 million years old) oceanic lithosphere exceeds that of the underlying asthenosphere a. True b. False 17. Match the following Earth layers to their physical properties _3_ outer core _1_ lithosphere _2_ asthenosphere 1. rigid solid 2. plastic solid (can flow) 3. liquid metal 4. Gas 5. molten silicate rock 6. solid metal 18. New oceanic crust is formed at divergent plate boundaries and oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at convergent boundaries a. True b. False 19. Select the appropriate order of Earth's layers, as defined by their chemistry (chemical composition), and from the inside outward. a. core - mantle - crust b. solid inner core - liquid outer core - mantle - crust c. core - mantle - lithosphere 20.Select all that apply about the lithosphere a. The lithosphere consists only of the Earth's crust b. The lithosphere has a temperature lower than ~°C c. The lithosphere varies in thickness d. The lithosphere is a rigid solidQuiz 2: Minerals, Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Version 1 1. A highly fractured rock would be less susceptible to chemical weathering than a non-fractured rock. a. True b. False 2. Match the depositional environment to the most likely degree of sediment particle sorting. _1_ Turbulent stream _3_ Calm river _2_ Beach 1. Very poorly sorted 2. Very well sorted 3. Moderately sorted 3. For rocks to metamorphose, they must partially melt. a. True b. False 4. The Earth's mantle is made entirely of magma. a. True b. False 5. Match the sedimentary rock picture with the correct type of sedimentary rock. _1_ _2_ 1. Detrital/clastic sedimentary rock 2. Chemical sedimentary rock6. In all crystalline rocks: a. Minerals are held together by a cement b. Minerals crystallized from a magma c. Minerals interlock with one another like pieces of a jigsaw 7. Beach sand is a sedimentary rock. a. True b. False 8. Special conditions are required to melt rocks, either in the mantle or the lower crust. Match the tectonic setting with the primary melting mechanism operating in each: _2_ Subduction zones _1_ Continental rifts _1_ Mid-ocean ridges 1. Decompression melting 2. Flux melting 3. Melting from heat transfer (adding heat) 9. Arrange the example components of the sedimentary process in the correct order, starting with the source rock (lowest number), and ending with the sedimentary rock (highest number): a. __1__ Granite b. __5__ Sandstone c. __2__ Loose gravel d. __4__ Delta sediment e. __3__ River sediment 10. Which factor(s) control magma composition (chemistry)? a. How long it takes to melt the source rock to produce the magma b. Mixing of a magma with another magma of different composition c. Incorporation and dissolution of wall-rock into a magma d. How long it takes for the magma to freeze during cooling e. The eruption of magma at the surface f. The composition (chemistry) of the rock being melted to produce the magma 11. Igneous minerals that form at higher temperatures during the cooling of magma are more resistant to weathering. a. True b. False 12. Contact (thermal) metamorphism alone can produce foliated metamorphic rocks a. True b. False 13. Silicate minerals make up most of the crust and mantle of the Earth. a. Trueb. False 14. A protolith (e.g. limestone) and the resulting metamorphic rock (e.g., marble) have the same chemical composition. a. True b. False 15. Lava viscosity depends on silica (SiO2) content. Put the following lava compositions in the correct order, from highest viscosity to lowest viscosity. a. basalt, andesite, rhyolite b. rhyolite, andesite, basalt c. basalt, rhyolite, andesite d. dacite, basalt, rhyolite 16. Match the metamorphic rock to its type _1_ Slate _1_ Gneiss _1_ Schist _2_ Marble _1_ Phyllite _2_ Quartzite 1. Foliated 2. Non-foliated 17. The different minerals crystallizing from magma crystallize in a sequence, with some crystallizing at higher temperature and other crystallizing at lower temperatures. a. True b. False 18. Select all statements that are true: a. It is possible for the same mineral to come in multiple different colours b. It is possible for two minerals to have different physical properties even though they have the exact same chemical composition c. Chemical bond strength determines if a mineral will display cleavage or fracture d. The mineral apatite is 5 times harder than the mineral talc e. Different minerals can be distinguished based on their physical properties 19. A protolith may be sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic. a. True b. False 20.In your own words, give a geologic environment in which you would expect quartz-rich sandstone to form, and explain why. One geologic environment in which one would expect quartz-rich sandstone to form is beaches and shorelines. Since quartz is more resistant to erosion andweathering than other common minerals found in rocks, it continues to be a major ingredient in sand. The rocks found there are constantly being broken down into sand-sized fragments by wave action and currents. These particles build up over time to create sandy beaches. Quartz grains accumulate on the beach and are buried and compacted by sediment layers. Then, they eventually lithify—a process that makes them solid into rock—due to pressure from the layers that lie on top of them. As a result, quartz-rich sandstone is formed, with silica or calcite serving as the cement that holds the quartz grains together.Quiz 3: Volcanoes and Eruptions, Earthquakes, Deformation and Mountains Version 1 1. Select all volcanic products that are pyroclastic: a. Tephra b. Lapilli c. Lava lake d. Volcanic ash e. Lava flow f. Lava dome 2. Examine the cross-section below. What type of fault is the fault labelled "G"? a. "G" is not a fault b. Reverse fault c. Normal fault d. Strike-slip fault 3. Volcanic hazards include which of the following? a. bad air quality b. a concrete like mixture of volcanic debris and water that can move downslope at 50 km per hour c. Tsunami d. the threat of high temperature ash shutting down air plane engines and covering windshields 4. Magma can contain dissolved H2O at high pressure.a. True b. False 5. Foliation develops parallel to compression direction. a. True b. False 6. Match the following products of rock deformation with the appropriate definition _1_ Fracture along which there has been relative motion of the rocks _2_ A bend, curve, or wrinkle in a rock layer _3_ A fracture along which there has been no movement (no relative motion) _4_ Assemblage of parallel planar surfaces or layers 1. Fault 2. Fold 3. Joint 4. Foliation 7. Match the eruptive product to the eruptive style _2_ Volcanic ash _2_ Pyroclastic flow _1_ Lava tube _2_ Lava bomb _2_ Pumice 1. Effusive 2. Explosive 8. Match the mode of mountain building with the appropriate tectonic setting _1_ Shortening (or thickening) of the continental crust in conjunction with volcanic activity _2_ Shortening (or thickening) of the crust without associated volcanic activity _3_ Stretching (or thinning) of the crust and tilting of blocks of crust to form alternating mountain chains and basins 1. Convergent margin with active subduction 2. Continental collision 3. Continental rifting 9. Match the products of deformation with the appropriate kind of deformation _2_ Folliation _1_ Fault _1_ Joint _2_ Fol 1. Brittle 2. Ductile 10. Match the type of volcano or eruptive product to its most likely geologic setting from the list. _4_ Rhyolite dome 1. Oceanic hotspot_1_ Shield volcano _3_ Pillow lava _2_ Composite volcano 2. Convergent boundary 3. Submarine eruption 4. Continental volcanism 11. What is the main factor driving volcanic eruptions? a. Viscosity b. Gas exsolution (gas coming out of solution) c. High temperatures d. Crystallization 12. The aerial photo below shows a strike-slip fault highlighted by a yellow dashed line. What type of strike-slip fault is it? a. Left-lateral b. Right-lateral 13. Match the following seismic waves with their properties: _2_ shear body waves _1_ compressional body waves _3_ surface waves that cause the ground to ripple back and forth in a snake like movement _4_ surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down 1. primary waves (P-waves) 2. secondary waves (S-waves) 3. Love waves (L-waves) 4. Rayleigh waves (R-waves) 14. Select all possible causes of earthquakes: a. Contact metamorphismb. A sudden change in rock volume associated with metamorphism in subduction zones c. Melting of the mantle d. The movement of magma inside a volcano e. The formation of a new fault 15. Earthquake energy is released when stress is dissipated by slip along a fault, or when stress is dissipated by the rupture of previously intact rock. a. True b. False 16. The shape of volcanoes depends on the viscosity of the volcanic products. a. True b. False 17. Earthquakes deeper than 300 km occur in subduction zones because the subducting lithosphere remains cold enough to break under stress. a. True b. False 18. Which type(s) of stress that can lead to an earthquake (select only one option): a. Shear and compression only b. Compression and tension only c. Compression, tension, and shear d. Tension and shear only 19. A fault is a fracture along which there has been evidence of slip (sliding, movement). a. True b. False 20.In your own words, briefly explain what can cause buildings to sink into the ground during earthquakes. Liquefaction is a phenomenon that causes buildings to sink into the ground during earthquakes. It occurs when saturated soil (loose and sandy) becomes liquid when the ground shakes. The powerful shaking causes the saturated soil to lose strength and stiffness, liquefying it. The powerful shaking transforms the soil into a material that resembles quicksand by forcing the water in the soil to rise to the top. This would cause the buildings and other structures to either sink or tilt due to the unstable ground.Quiz 4: Geologic Time, Energy and Mineral Resources, Mass Movements Version 1 1. Which of the fossils illustrated below (marked A, B, C, or D) would make a good index fossil? In your own words, briefly explain WHY. 2. Earthquakes can trigger mass movements. a. True b. False 3. Match the following processes of mineral concentration with their corresponding types of mineral deposits _4_ Concentration by precipitation from modified sea water _1_ Concentration by flowing surface water in streams or along the shore _5_ Concentration by magmatic processes within a body of igneous rock _2_ Concentration by hot, aqueous solutions flowing through fractures and pore spaces in rock _3_ Concentration by weathering processes 1. Placers 2. Hydrothermal 3. Residual/Supergene 4. Sedimentary 5. Magmatic 4. Some of the potential negative effects of shale gas extraction include the use of chemicals during hydraulic fracturing (fracking), which can raise concerns about groundwater contamination, and the risk of induced seismicity. a. True b. False5. If searching for placer gold in a river, where are you most likely to find it? Select all that apply: a. in white water rapids b. upstream from waterfalls c. downstream from a tributary d. behind (upstream) rocks and boulders 6. Over geologic time, all slopes are unstable. a. True b. False 7. Which of the sedimentary layers illustrated in the cartoon is the youngest? a. Layer Y b. Layer S c. Layer Q d. Layer P 8. Examine the following cross-section. The legend at the bottom describes each of the rock units. The lines labelled with a capital letter denote unconformities. Match each unconformity to its correct type._1_ Unconformity I _2_ Unconformity K _3_ Unconformity J 1. Angular unconformity 2. Nonconformity 3. Disconformity 9. Select all that apply. Water can increase the risk of slope failure by: a. Promoting the growth of vegetation on slopes. b. Dissolving sedimentary rock cement. c. Reducing friction between sediment grains. d. Adding weight to a slope. e. Increasing the cohesion of loose sediment. 10. Select all of the factors that can lead to ground subsidence: a. Underground mining b. Groundwater pumping c. Formation of caves by dissolution of limestone d. Oil extraction e. Saturation of soil due to heavy rainfall 11. The sedimentary Eli Breccia unit is older than the igneous Diorite Pluton unit.a. True b. False 12. What type of rock would make the better reservoir for hydrocarbon storage? a. Sandstone b. Salt dome c. Fractured granite d. Schist 13. The following cross-section shows igneous rock unit B and sedimentary rock unit A. Which of the two rock units is the oldest? a. Rock unit B is the oldest. b. Rock unit A is the oldest. c. We cannot tell which rock unit is the oldest. 14. The angle of repose for unconsolidated materials is higher for coarser grained materials, resulting in a higher slope angle. a. True b. False 15. Examine the following block diagram, and place the geologic events in the correct order (1 corresponding to the oldest event).a. __3__ Folding b. __5__ Faulting c. __6__ Intrusion of basalt dike d. __1__ Deposition of the sedimentary sequence: limestone, shale, sandstone, shale, sandstone, shale, sandstone e. __2__ Intrusion of igneous sill f. __7__ Weathering and erosion g. __4__ Intrusion of granite 16. Which of the following components are necessary for the formation of an oil reservoir? Select all that apply. a. Burial of organic land-based plant material under anoxic conditions. b. A rock formation with high porosity and permeability, providing the reservoir necessary for the accumulation of hydrocarbons c. An impermeable trap that prevents the migration of hydrocarbons out of the reservoir 17. A slope is at greater risk of failure after a wildfire. a. True b. False 18. What are the characteristics associated with magmatic deposits? (Select all that apply) a. Contact metamorphism resulting from the heat and chemical interaction between the intruding magma and the surrounding rocks b. Formation through weathering and erosion processes leading to the accumulation of loose particles c. Fractional crystallization/magmatic differentiation d. Presence of pegmatites e. Immiscibility (segregation of metal-rich liquid from the magma and settlement of metal-sulfide melt at the bottom of the magma chamber) 19. Rock unit R is igneous. Rock unit Z is sedimentary. The following cartoon shows a cross-section of the spatial relationships between the two units. Which of the two units is the oldest?a. Unit Z is the oldest. b. Unit R is the oldest. c. We cannot tell which unit is the oldest. 20.Some types of mass movements can cause earthquakes. a. True b. False Lecture 1 Review Questions 1-Briefly explain fault in your own words. A fault is a break between two coherent blocks of rock 2-Yellowstone is one of the most seismically active areas in the United States. True or False. True 3-Match the following world systems with the relevant words. Geosphere = b a) land Lithosphere = a b) rocks, solids, sediments Hydrosphere = f c) gasCryosphere = e d) living organism Biosphere = d e) glaciers, snow Atmosphere = c f) liquid 4- A few P-waves are reflected from inside the core and recorded in the “shadow zone”. What does this situation prove? This situation proves as evidence that there is a solid inner core 5-There is no transfer of materials and energy between Earth systems. True or False. False 6-P waves can only travel through solids, while S waves can travel through solid, liquid or gas. True or False. False 7- Explain why P waves travel faster in basalt and why they travel faster in a solid iron alloy than in a molten iron alloy.P-waves travel faster in those contexts because the materials are denser and P-waves can travel faster in denser materials 8- Briefly explain why S waves cannot travel in the Earth's outer core.S-waves cannot travel in the earth’s liquid other core because S-waves can’t travel through liquids. 9- Write one similarity and one difference between graphite and diamond. Both are made of carbon but diamond is much harder than graphite 10- Asthenosphere is composed of crust and rigid upper mantle. True or False. False Lecture 2 Review Questions– May 6th, 2024 1. What is Alfred Wagner’s theory and what are 3 ways to test this theory? Alfred Wagner’s theory was that the continents moved and that they formed Pangea at one point, pieces of evidence are fossils, the fit of the continents together and past glaciations near the equator 2. What do we call the really shallow areas of the ocean floor? The really shallow areas of the ocean floor are called the continental shelf 3. What do we call the deeper areas of the ocean floor and what depth is it considered to be at? The deeper areas of the ocean floor are called the abyssal plain 4. Explain the difference between continental shelf, continental slope and continental rise in your own words. Continental shelf is the submerged margin of the continent Continental slope is the true edge of the continent Continental rise is transition from the continental slope to the abyssal plain 5. How do magnetic minerals change as temperature goes from hot to cold? In what situation would this occur? Choose the correct answer. Correct answer is A A. hot=random orientation, cold = all in dipole orientation, this can happen when lava cools into basalt B. hot = all in dipole orientation, cold = random orientation, this can happen when lava cools into basalt C. hot = all in dipole orientation, cold = random orientation, this can happen when lava cools into granite D. hot=random orientation, cold = random orientation, this can happen when lava cools into granite 6. Convergent boundaries are asymmetrical. True or False? True 7. In 3D is a fault a plain or a line?In 3D a fault is a plain 8. Where is the majority of igneous rock created? Answer in no more than 2 sentences. The majority of igneous rock is created along an oceanic ridge system at divergent plate boundaries 9. At mid oceanic ridges the boundary between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is thermal OR at mid oceanic ridges the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere is density driven. Circle the true statement. The correct statement is that the boundary is thermal driven 10. In a normal fault the hanging wall moves _____, in a reverse fault the hanging wall moves _____. In a normal fault the hanging wall moves down, in a reverse fault the hanging wall moves up 11. What is the process called when oceanic lithosphere is recycled by being sent it into the mantle? Draw a photo to represent this. That process is called subduction 12. Explain transform plate boundaries in a few short sentences. Transform plate boundaries occur when plates slide beside each other GEO1111 Review Questions L3: Minerals and Igneous Rocks (May 8, 2024) TA: Catherine Suclan 1. a) Which mineral has a metallic luster, A or B? Mineral A has a metallic luster b) Is metallic luster opaque or transparent? Metallic luster is transparent2. True or False: Is ice a mineral? True 3. What is the difference between a solid solution and a polymorph? Solid solution is different chemistry but same structure, Polymorph is same chemistry but different structure 4. Diamond and Graphite are both polymorphs of _________. Carbon 5. Why is Graphite Soft? It has weak electrostatic forces between its layers 6. Halite is an example of _______ bonding. a. covalent b. metallic c. ionic d. secondary ionic 7. Why are metals good conductors? Because valence electrons are free to migrate across atomic structures and can satisfy the octet rule. This works well when you have the same element (metals)8. Fe and Mg can easily be substituted for each other in olivine because they have the same __________ and nearly the same ___________. Charge and nearly the same electron radius 9. a) True of false: Extrusive igneous rocks cool below the surface. False b) The rate of cooling of extrusive rocks is ______, leading to ______ crystal size Fast, small c) The rate of cooling of intrusive rocks is ______, leading to ______ crystal size. Slow, large 10. What is the texture of this rock? Pegmatitic 11. Flux melting occurs by the addition of _______ and at _______ zones. Volatiles at subduction zones 12. Decompression melting occurs at _________ boundaries. Divergent Lecture 4 Review Questions (TA-Ceren)1. What are the two things necessary for sedimentary rocks to form? Weathering and erosion(+transportation, deposition, lithification) 2. Briefly define lithification. Lithification is also referred to as diagenesis, or the process by which sediments combine to form sedimentary rocks. When a rock turns into another rock for various reasons, it becomes a metamorphic rock. That's why the word "transform" is a risky word. 3. Align phyllite, schist, gneiss, and slate according to their metamorphic grades. (high to low) Gneiss is 1, Schist is 2, Phyllite is 3, Slate is 4 4. Migmatite is typically highly deformed and contorted. Why is the reason? They are formed at high temperatures where the precursor rock partially melts 5. Recrystallization is a metamorphic process. True or False. True 6. Retrograde reactions refer to low or high temperatures. Choose the correct one. Low 7. Are the descriptions of the light and dark layers shown in the Gneiss photo below correct? Not correct. Dark layer; mafic, Light layer; felsic.Gneiss 8. Slate and Phyllite come from the same protolith, but slate is exposed to relatively more temperature and pressure. True or False False 9. In foliated rocks, the size of the crystals gives the rock names. True or False True 10.Briefly explain the relationship between transport distance and roundness in clastic rocks. Clastic rocks become smaller and more rounded the longer they travel11. Explain why the shale is red. The shale is oxidized with iron Not correct. Dark layer; mafic, Light layer; felsic. Lecture 5 – May 15th 2024 – Review Questions- TA Jill 1. Which magma is the most viscous? How does this affect an eruption? Reference dissolved gases in your answer. Felsic magma is the most viscous because it has high amounts of silica and less H20 dissolved in it, this makes the eruptions more explosive 2. Composite volcanos form with what kind of magma?Felsic magma 3. In the video shown, what two ingredients does he use to represent a general volcano eruption? What does each ingredient represent? Coke and mentos, represents the magma and dissolved gases 4. What kind of magma does the golden syrup represent? Mafic magma 5. What does the eruption example of golden syrup vs golden syrup with added sugar represent? Explain this concept with reference to pressure in the example tube. Added sugars lead to increased pressure in the tube which causes more explosive eruptions 6. True or False. Ash is ground up pumice that has been released in an explosive volcano. If false, correct the statement to make it true. True 7. Pyroclastic flows are: Very hot and very fast 8. Differentiate between volcanic cone, vent and volcanic crater in your own words. Volcanic cones constitute the cone shape of the volcano, volcanic vents are the source of the eruption and volcanic craters are the depressions surrounding the vent 9. What kind of magma do lava tubes form in? How do they form? Lava tubes form in more viscous magma, couldn’t find the answer for how they form 10. What kind of lava flows at a shield volcano? What’s it’s viscosity? Give a real-life example of one. Effusive eruptions and less viscous lava flows at shield volcanoes, a real life example is mauna loa 11. True or False. Lahars and debris flows are the same. If false, differentiate between the two. False Lahars – mudflows, water and tephra Debris flow – includes large materials like rocks and trees GEO1111 L6 Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards Review Questions TA: Catherine 1. Name three causes of earthquakes. 1. formation of a new fault 2. slippage of an existing fault 3. volcanic eruption2. True or False: When rocks deform elastically, they can return to its original shape and when rocks behave plastically, the damage is permanent. True 3. Briefly explain the process of stick-slip movement. You may use the following diagram to help with your answer. Slip occurs when the strength of the rock has been exceeded and the plates slip 4. Defne focus and epicenter and label their locations on the following diagram: Focus is where the slip happens on the fault surface, epicenter is where the seismic waves travel on the surface directly above the focus5. True or False: Energy released from an earthquake radiates in all directions from the epicenter. False, energy radiates from the focus point 6. True or False: Faulting happens during ductile deformation. False 7. Why are earthquakes shallow at divergent margins? Because they occur very close to the surface. 8. Why do we see a transition from shallow to intermediate to deep earthquakes at subduction zones? Because the old oceanic crust is under more temperature and pressure as is moves deeper into the subduction zone9. True or False: Earthquakes only happen at tectonic boundaries/margins. False 10. What is the order of arrival of earthquake waves? Fill in the blank: à àà Surface waves 11. a. In P-waves, vibration direction is __________ to the propagating direction and will cause buildings to move _________________. Parallel, up and down b. In S-waves, vibration direction is ____________ to the propagating direction and will cause buildings to move ________________. Perpendicular, side to side 12. True or False: The type of bedrock can affect the intensity felt from an earthquake. True 13. Briefly explain the process of liquefaction. You may use the following diagram to help with your answer. Materials that are saturated with water become mobile and move RQ1-Briefly explain how deformation occurs. Deformation occurs when rocks are placed under differential stress via compression, tension or shear 2-Identify the types of deformation. Left one is brittle, Right one is ductile 3-A fault is not only a fracture on the surface but also it is 3D dimensional. True or False. True 4-Name the brittle deformation structures in the photographs.- veins - faults - joints 5-Name the fault and show the hanging wall and footwall by drawing them on the photo.Reverse fault-hanging wall is above the footwall 6-The fault in the photo is a left lateral strike-slip fault. True or False. False7-True or False? False Syncline Anticline 8- When basins are eroded, the youngest rocks are in the center of the basin structure. True or False. true 9-Briefly explain dome and basin. Domes have upward and displacement of rocks and basins have downward displacement of rocks 10-Explain how the process of eduction contributes to mountain decay. Rock is pushed up during continental collision11-Briefly describe Sag Pond. water collected in lowest parts of depression formed between two sides of strike-slip fault GEO1111- Lecture 8 Review Questions- TA- Jill 1. Define relative dating and numerical dating. Relative dating: compare two or more entities to determine which is older Numerical dating: specifying the actual number of years that have passed since an event occurred 2. True or False – the dike is older than the surrounding layers. False, the dike is younger than the surrounding rock layers 3. Which fossil an index fossil? A4. Define a nonconformity and draw a figure that could represent one. Metamorphic/sedimentary rocks in contact with a layer of sediment 5. What do unconformities represent with reference to the timeline of deposition? Uncomformities represent an incomplete record of deposition over time 6. In your own words describe the difference between parent and daughter isotopes. Parent isotopes are decaying unstable radioactive isotopes and daughter isotopes are the result of that decay 7. What are the three types of decay? a. Alpha, Beta, Gamma b. Beta, Gamma, Electron Capture c. Alpha, Beta, Electron Capture - correct d. None of the above 8. What are radioactive isotopes used for in geology? a. Numerical dating - correct b. Relative dating c. To determine type of rock d. All of the above 9. Give an example of a radioactive parents and a stable daughter product, what is their half-life value?Uranium-235 and Lead-207, lasts 713 million years 10. What does the A.E Lalonde AMS Laboratory at UOttawa measure that can help date more recent geologic events? C14:C12 ratio 11. How old is the Earth? What is this measurement based on? The earth is 4.6 billion years old, based on numerical dating GEO1111 L9: Energy and Mineral Resources Review Questions TA Catherine 1. True or False: Coal forms in anoxic environments. True 2. Coal is derived from the remains of _________ plants and hydrocarbons are derived from the remains of ________ plants and animals. Land, marine 3. The formation of both coal and hydrocarbons requires the _________ of sediments. burial 4. __________ is the source rock for petroleum hydrocarbons. Black shale 5. Which of the following rocks is the best reservoir to trap hydrocarbons and why? Porous sandstone is the best because it has high porosity/permeability6. What is an oil trap and give an example. Traps are areas that are covered by an impermeable seal that hold the oil in the ground, an example is an anticlinal trap 7. __________ is the principal ore of aluminum and requires intense __________. Bauxite, weathering 8. What are the 3 components needed to make an ore deposit? Source, transport, trap 9. Explain what is happening in the diagram below: High density minerals sink to the bottom of the magma chamber T 1 0. Skarn deposits are associated with __________ metamorphism.Contact metamorphism 11. Veins are typically found in _________ deposits. hydrothermal 12. What are three origins for hydrothermal fluids? Water dissolved in magma Rainwater circulating in the crust Hot seawater circulating in the crust 13. Why do we need to mine large volumes of rock in porphyry deposits? Because the metals are disseminated throughout the rock body rather than concentrated in veins and are low grade. 14. How do massive sulphide lenses form in VMS deposits? Sulphides settle and accumulate on the sea floor and then are covered by younger lavas. 15. Why is gold able to accumulate in placer deposits? Gold is a heavy metal 16. Kimberlites transport _________ from the upper mantle. diamonds Lecture 10 Review Questions (TA-Ceren) 1. Describe some of the triggers of mass movements. Earthquakes, volcanoes, thawing ground but the root cause is gravity 2. What are exfoliation joints? How do exfoliation joints lead to a decrease in rock cohesion? Buried rocks compress into smaller volumes, rocks that are uplifted to the surface increase in volume and weaken the rock 3. Water is heavier than air, and when it fills the pore spaces of sedimentary rocks in slopes, it increases the weight of the slope, which can lead to a decrease in slope stability. True or False. True 4. Mass movements are primarily driven by which force? A. Wind forcesB. Gravitational forces - correct C. Tectonic forces D. Hydraulic forces 5. Explain what a creep is and how it occurs. A creep is a dry and extremely slow mass movement of the soil and uppermost bedrock layers, occurs mainly with expansion of water, expansion of clay and increasing volume from heat 6. What type of mass movement is described by the movement of a block above a deformed deep clay layer? A. Flow B. Rotational slide - correct C. Fall D. Creep 7. What type of event was the Blackhawk Event in California? A. Slide B. Creep C. Rock fall - correct D. Debris flows 8. Match the images with the definitions below. - rockfall- mudflow - landslide - rotational slip 9. Match the term with its description. 1. Translational slide - A 2. Planar slip surface - B3. Debris slide - C 4. Underlying material failure - D A. Behavior where material moves as a cohesive unit. B. Surface along which material in a slide moves. C. Behavior where material disintegrates into debris. D. Condition where material beneath fails, causing material above to slide. 10.What is a feature of some observed sturzstrom flows that challenges the water lubrication hypothesis? A. Dry conditions - correct B. Frictional melting C. Presence of ice blocks D. Contact with ground 11. Describe the process of subsidence caused by rock dissolution, also known as piping. The process of subsidence caused by rock dissolution, also known as piping, involves the gradual dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone due to the action of acidic groundwater. (A little more detailed explanation is required) 12.What is causing the subsidence issues in Venice, Italy? A. Fluid withdrawal B. Sediment compaction - correct C. Mine collapse D. Rock dissolution 13.Sinkholes are formed when cavern roofs collapse due to the removal of support from buoyant water. True or False. True GEO1111- Lecture 11 Review Questions- TA- Jill1. What is porosity? Something having small holes that water can pass through 2. What is a good example of a high porosity rock? A: Granite B: Pumice - correct C: Basalt D: None of the above 3. In your own words explain the process of a river forming. Sheetwash forms a channel and then tributaries assist in expanding the channel to a trunk stream 4. Name and explain two stream erosion methods. Scouring – running water can remove loose fragments Breaking and lifting – running water can lift blocks of material 5. True or false. There are four different types of aquifers that were presented in this course. True 6. Explain how a perched aquifer is formed. Forms above from a water table and is separated by an unsaturated zone 7. Which contains the most water in the hydrologic cycle? A: Oceans - correct B: Streams C: Atmosphere D: Glaciers 8. True or False. 8 out of 9 costliest disasters in the USA are flood related. True 9. Differentiate between flood and drought with reference to the hydrologic cycle. Flood is when inputs are more than outputs, Drought is when outputs are more than inputs 10. Explain in your own words how the unsaturated zone and saturated zone differ. Unsaturated is voids filled by water or air and saturated is when there are no voids at all 11. True or false. Water in the unsaturated zone can be pumped by wells. FalseGEO1111 L12 Oceans and Coasts; Glaciers and Ice Ages Review Question TA: Catherine 1. Ocean current circulation is _______________ in the Northern hemisphere and _______________ in the Southern hemisphere because of the _____________ effect. Clockwise, counterclockwise, coriolis 2. Changing the volume of water in the oceans or changing the shape of the oceans can change the ____________ sea level. eustatic 3. In what direction should you swim if you get caught in a riptide? Parallel to shore 4. Briefly explain why beach drift transports sand in a zig zag path along the beach and draw a diagram to explain your answer. Waves move in a swash and then backwash movement pattern in a V pattern 5. _____________ are coastal river valleys flooded by seawater and are characterized by mixing ____________ and ___________ water. Estuaries; fresh; salt/sea 6. True or False: Post glacial rebound is no longer happening in Canada. False 7. True or False: Dry-based glaciers can only move by internal plastic deformation and water-based glaciers move by both basal sliding and internal plastic deformation. True8. What is the equilibrium line? The line defining either accumulation or retreat of a glacier 9. Name three processes of glacial ablation: 1. melting 2. sublimation 3. calving 10. Ice flows ___________ in the zone of accumulation and ____________ in the zone of ablation. downward; upward 11. Explain how a Roche moutonnée is formed and draw a diagram to explain your answer. Formed because there is an uperstream and downstream side of a rock during abrasion 12. Glacial valleys develop into a ____ shape and fluvial valleys develop into a ____ shape. U-shape, V-shape 13. Match each glacial landform to their corresponding name:-