MCAT NS P/S EXAM AND ANSWERS.
to increase the power of experiment - Answers-- increase the alpha level
- decrease random error
- conduct a one-tailed test
- expand the sample size
- increase the effect size.
It is found that respondents who were Manoshi members and who listed Manoshi
CHWs as part of their support networks were significantly more likely to exhibit optimal
MNH behavior. The CHW presence is an example of:
A. a confounding variable.
B. a mediating variable.
C. a moderating variable.
D. an independent variable. - Answers-In cases where a mediating variable is present,
the original predictor (or independent) variable works indirectly through a more
immediate cause (the mediator variable) to yield a final effect (the outcome, or
dependent, variable).
-> The mediator adds to the overall variance accounted for in the data and can explain
the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
The primary independent variable in this study was Manoshi membership, while the
three reported dependent variables were the MNH practices. In this question, it is said
that the presence of a CHW in the social network of those who were already Manoshi
members was linked with improved MNH behavior. This implies that the presence of the
CHW worker could be what facilitates the effects of Manoshi membership, making CHW
presence a mediating variable.
correct answer is B
Aversive conditioning - Answers-a type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking
alcohol).
- If this technique is successful, the individual reduces the frequency of the unwanted
behavior.
Which organ is associated with the hormone (epinephrine) response monitored in the
experiment discussed in the passage?
A. Kidneys
B. Adrenal glands
C. Thymus
,D. Amygdala - Answers-adrenal gland secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), androgen (sex
hormone), and corticosteroid (stress hormone cortisol)
choice A is wrong
-> kidney's main functionis osmoregulation
correct answer is B
An experience of discrimination as a result of one's body type could likely impact which
of the following?
I. Self-esteem
II. Self-image
III. Self-perception
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III - Answers-self esteem
-> the judgment of one's own value or self-worth
-> being discriminated will negatively impact self esteem
Self-image
-> a mental construct built in large part by internalizing the judgments that others have
about the self.
- discrimination will impact self image
Self-perception
- a person develops an attitude by watching their own behavior and then concluding that
they must hold whatever attitude would have led to that behavior
- ex: a woman sees herself make a rude comment towards a co-worker and then
concludes, "Wow, I must really not like that person."
lll is wrong because making conclusion on one's behavior is not mentioned in the
question stem
correct answer is A
Self-actualization - Answers-individual's striving to realize his or her potential and to
develop inherent talents and capabilities.
Self-awareness - Answers-a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual
whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people
- "peak" level of consciousness, which signifies perception of the autobiographical
character of a person's life experience.
- self-awareness
,Self-concept - Answers-individual's mental model of his or her abilities and attributes.
- also called self-identity
Self-efficacy - Answers-belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation.
Self-esteem - Answers-the attitude which influences moods and exerts a powerful effect
on an individual's personal and social behaviors.
- one's feeling of self worth; how you feel about yourself
Self-fulfilling prophecy - Answers-phenomenon wherein an individual believes an event
will occur and, consciously or unconsciously, behaves in such a way as to bring about
this prediction.
Self-handicapping - Answers-the process of developing (anticipating failure) behavioral
reactions and explanations that minimize personal responsibility for the failure.
Self-perception theory - Answers-people observe themselves in order to figure out the
reasons they act as they do.
Self-serving bias - Answers-people take credit for their successes and deny
responsibility for failures.
Learned helplessness - Answers-when a person experiences an unpleasant situation or
stimulus but finds himself (or herself) unable to escape or avoid the situation.The
person then learns that he is unable to affect the situation and simply endures it, even if
a change in behavior would allow him to escape.
- ex: An overweight person attempts to lose weight by following a series of popular diet
books, but he fails in each instance. Eventually, he ceases trying to lose weight and his
BMI slowly increases
One study participant described overeating in response to a sense of anxiety about the
state of the world, especially in relation to global climate change and the poor economy.
This anxiety most closely reflects the effect of which kind of stressor?
A. Acute
B. Microstressor
C. Crisis
D. Ambient - Answers-Ambient stressors are those chronic environmental stressors that
cannot be changed (or are perceived as unchangeable) by the efforts of the individual
subject to them.
- ex: great depression, climate change
correct answer is D
, Ambient stressors - Answers-chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed
(or are perceived as unchangeable) by the efforts of the individual subject to them.
- ex: great depression, climate change
acute stressor - Answers-present over a short period of time; not persistent
Microstressors - Answers-small daily hassles or minor annoyance like dealing with
traffic or irritating coworkers
crisis - Answers-a sudden, rare occurrence such as a natural disaster or war that
causes a person a great deal of stress.
- ex: Cal fire, WW 2
A physician accepts a new job and finds that for the first several months of work most of
her effort is spent learning the mechanisms by which doctors, patients, insurance
companies, and the government (at federal and local levels) interact to deliver and pay
for care. She particularly notes that the influence by the hospital's legal department
often supercedes that of other important administrators who hold MD's. Her experiences
and observations most closely reflect what theory of sociology?
A. Functionalism
B. Conflict theory
C. Feminist theory
D. Symbolic interactionism - Answers-Functionalism views society and social institutions
as interdependent, interacting parts of a whole. Here, the various elements of the
hospital system come together to function as a system to deliver health care to the
patients.
choice B is wrong
-> While the question stem does mention that the legal department holds more influence
than some administrators, this alone does not constitute a conflict; overall, the different
parts of the hospital are depicted as working together rather than clashing.
choice D is wrong
-> Symbolic interactionism is a view of sociology on the micro level, through interactions
between individual people. It analyzes how, as members of society, those individuals
use and understand the symbols of the society they live in
-> The question stem does not focus on symbols.
-> ex: smoking was seen as trendy, whereas in others it may be seen negatively as a
symbol of poor self-regard and ignorance.
correct answer is A
Cannon-Bard theory - Answers-the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus
simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of
emotion
to increase the power of experiment - Answers-- increase the alpha level
- decrease random error
- conduct a one-tailed test
- expand the sample size
- increase the effect size.
It is found that respondents who were Manoshi members and who listed Manoshi
CHWs as part of their support networks were significantly more likely to exhibit optimal
MNH behavior. The CHW presence is an example of:
A. a confounding variable.
B. a mediating variable.
C. a moderating variable.
D. an independent variable. - Answers-In cases where a mediating variable is present,
the original predictor (or independent) variable works indirectly through a more
immediate cause (the mediator variable) to yield a final effect (the outcome, or
dependent, variable).
-> The mediator adds to the overall variance accounted for in the data and can explain
the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
The primary independent variable in this study was Manoshi membership, while the
three reported dependent variables were the MNH practices. In this question, it is said
that the presence of a CHW in the social network of those who were already Manoshi
members was linked with improved MNH behavior. This implies that the presence of the
CHW worker could be what facilitates the effects of Manoshi membership, making CHW
presence a mediating variable.
correct answer is B
Aversive conditioning - Answers-a type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking
alcohol).
- If this technique is successful, the individual reduces the frequency of the unwanted
behavior.
Which organ is associated with the hormone (epinephrine) response monitored in the
experiment discussed in the passage?
A. Kidneys
B. Adrenal glands
C. Thymus
,D. Amygdala - Answers-adrenal gland secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), androgen (sex
hormone), and corticosteroid (stress hormone cortisol)
choice A is wrong
-> kidney's main functionis osmoregulation
correct answer is B
An experience of discrimination as a result of one's body type could likely impact which
of the following?
I. Self-esteem
II. Self-image
III. Self-perception
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III - Answers-self esteem
-> the judgment of one's own value or self-worth
-> being discriminated will negatively impact self esteem
Self-image
-> a mental construct built in large part by internalizing the judgments that others have
about the self.
- discrimination will impact self image
Self-perception
- a person develops an attitude by watching their own behavior and then concluding that
they must hold whatever attitude would have led to that behavior
- ex: a woman sees herself make a rude comment towards a co-worker and then
concludes, "Wow, I must really not like that person."
lll is wrong because making conclusion on one's behavior is not mentioned in the
question stem
correct answer is A
Self-actualization - Answers-individual's striving to realize his or her potential and to
develop inherent talents and capabilities.
Self-awareness - Answers-a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual
whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people
- "peak" level of consciousness, which signifies perception of the autobiographical
character of a person's life experience.
- self-awareness
,Self-concept - Answers-individual's mental model of his or her abilities and attributes.
- also called self-identity
Self-efficacy - Answers-belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation.
Self-esteem - Answers-the attitude which influences moods and exerts a powerful effect
on an individual's personal and social behaviors.
- one's feeling of self worth; how you feel about yourself
Self-fulfilling prophecy - Answers-phenomenon wherein an individual believes an event
will occur and, consciously or unconsciously, behaves in such a way as to bring about
this prediction.
Self-handicapping - Answers-the process of developing (anticipating failure) behavioral
reactions and explanations that minimize personal responsibility for the failure.
Self-perception theory - Answers-people observe themselves in order to figure out the
reasons they act as they do.
Self-serving bias - Answers-people take credit for their successes and deny
responsibility for failures.
Learned helplessness - Answers-when a person experiences an unpleasant situation or
stimulus but finds himself (or herself) unable to escape or avoid the situation.The
person then learns that he is unable to affect the situation and simply endures it, even if
a change in behavior would allow him to escape.
- ex: An overweight person attempts to lose weight by following a series of popular diet
books, but he fails in each instance. Eventually, he ceases trying to lose weight and his
BMI slowly increases
One study participant described overeating in response to a sense of anxiety about the
state of the world, especially in relation to global climate change and the poor economy.
This anxiety most closely reflects the effect of which kind of stressor?
A. Acute
B. Microstressor
C. Crisis
D. Ambient - Answers-Ambient stressors are those chronic environmental stressors that
cannot be changed (or are perceived as unchangeable) by the efforts of the individual
subject to them.
- ex: great depression, climate change
correct answer is D
, Ambient stressors - Answers-chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed
(or are perceived as unchangeable) by the efforts of the individual subject to them.
- ex: great depression, climate change
acute stressor - Answers-present over a short period of time; not persistent
Microstressors - Answers-small daily hassles or minor annoyance like dealing with
traffic or irritating coworkers
crisis - Answers-a sudden, rare occurrence such as a natural disaster or war that
causes a person a great deal of stress.
- ex: Cal fire, WW 2
A physician accepts a new job and finds that for the first several months of work most of
her effort is spent learning the mechanisms by which doctors, patients, insurance
companies, and the government (at federal and local levels) interact to deliver and pay
for care. She particularly notes that the influence by the hospital's legal department
often supercedes that of other important administrators who hold MD's. Her experiences
and observations most closely reflect what theory of sociology?
A. Functionalism
B. Conflict theory
C. Feminist theory
D. Symbolic interactionism - Answers-Functionalism views society and social institutions
as interdependent, interacting parts of a whole. Here, the various elements of the
hospital system come together to function as a system to deliver health care to the
patients.
choice B is wrong
-> While the question stem does mention that the legal department holds more influence
than some administrators, this alone does not constitute a conflict; overall, the different
parts of the hospital are depicted as working together rather than clashing.
choice D is wrong
-> Symbolic interactionism is a view of sociology on the micro level, through interactions
between individual people. It analyzes how, as members of society, those individuals
use and understand the symbols of the society they live in
-> The question stem does not focus on symbols.
-> ex: smoking was seen as trendy, whereas in others it may be seen negatively as a
symbol of poor self-regard and ignorance.
correct answer is A
Cannon-Bard theory - Answers-the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus
simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of
emotion
