Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Exam 2024/2025
Questions and Answers
state the similarities and differences between the atomic structure of isotopes of the
same element (CORRECT ANSWER)similarities - same number of electrons and
protons, differences - atomic mass
what are the reagents and conditions needed to convert an alkene into a saturated
hydrocarbon? (CORRECT ANSWER)hydrogen under reflux and a nickel catalyst
write the ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous lead nitrate and aqueous
potassium iodide ( Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) --> PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)) (CORRECT
ANSWER)Pb 2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) --> PbI2 (s)
write an equation including state symbols to represent the second ionization energy
of strontium (CORRECT ANSWER)Sr+ (g) --> Sr2+ (g) + e-
explain the differences in the melting points of phosphorus and chlorine (CORRECT
ANSWER)phosphorus has more electrons, so stronger London forces, so more
energy is required to break the intermolecular forces
describe the bonding in magnesium and silicon. include the names of the particles
and describe the forces between the particles in the structures (CORRECT
ANSWER)magnesium has metallic bonds, which contains cations and delocalised
electrons. silicon has covalent bonds between atoms
describe one difference between the sigma bond and the pi bond (CORRECT
ANSWER)pi bonds have sideways overlap, sigma bonds have head on overlap of
orbitals
explain in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why the enthalpy change of
formation of NO is endothermic (CORRECT ANSWER)more energy is required for
bond breaking than is released by bond making
write 2 equations to show how NO radicals catalyse the breakdown of ozone
(CORRECT ANSWER)*NO + O3 --> *NO2 + O2
NO2 + O2 --> *NO + O2
compare the electrical conductivities of solid and aqueous barium chloride
(CORRECT ANSWER)barium chloride does not conduct electricity when solid
because it has ions that are in a fixed position. barium chloride conducts when in
aqueous solutions because it has mobile ions
describe the use of aqueous barium chloride in qualitative analysis (CORRECT
ANSWER)it is used to test for sulfate, and a white precipitate forms
what is the electron configuration of a nitride ion? (CORRECT ANSWER)1s2 2s2
2p6
, describe the oxidation reactions of butan-1-ol forming an aldehyde and a carboxylic
acid (CORRECT ANSWER)forming an aldehyde requires acid and dichromate, with
heating under distillation. the product formed is butanal. forming a carboxylic acid
requires acid and dichromate, with heating under reflux. the product formed is
butanoic acid. distillation apparatus contain a condenser with water flow, and a
collection of the organic product.
what are the reagents and conditions to form cyclohexene from bromocyclohexene
(CORRECT ANSWER)acid catalyst and heat
explain why group 2 elements are reducing agents (CORRECT ANSWER)group 2
metals add electrons to other species
state and explain the trend in alkalinity of the solution formed when group 2 oxides
are added to water (CORRECT ANSWER)group 2 oxides react with water forming
the metal hydroxide. hydroxide ions in solution cause alkalinity. down group 2, the
solubility of the metal hydroxide increases, increasing the pH and alkalinity
state and explain the trend in boiling points of the halogens fluorine to iodine
(CORRECT ANSWER)boiling point increases due to the increase in electrons down
the group. this increases the strength of the London forces and more energy is
needed to break the intermolecular forces
explain why it is important to carry out the carbonate test before carrying out the
sulfate test on an unknown chemical (CORRECT ANSWER)dilute nitric acid reacts
with carbonate ions ad no precipitate of barium carbonate will then form
explain why, if you are testing a mixture, it is important to use nitric acid, rather than
sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, for the carbonate test (CORRECT ANSWER)if sulfuric
acid is used, sulfate ions are added and will show up in the sufate test with Ba2+. if
hydrochloric acid is used, chloride ions are added which will show up in the halide
test with Ag+
write the full equation, with state symbols, for the reaction of chlorine with ion to form
iron (III) chloride (CORRECT ANSWER)2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 (g) -> 2Fecl3(s)
write a half equation to show the reduction of chlorine in the reaction between
chlorine and iron (CORRECT ANSWER)Cl2 + 2e- --> 2Cl-
what difference would you expect in the rate of reaction when chlorine is swapped
with bromine (CORRECT ANSWER)rate of reaction would be slower because
bromine is less reactive than bromine
explain, in terms of first ionisation energies, the increase in reactivity down group 2
(CORRECT ANSWER)down a group, electrons are added to a new shell, further
from the nucleus. there are more inner shells between the outer electrons and
nucleus, increasing the shielding. attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons
decreases. therefore less energy is reuqired to loose and electrons so reactivity
increases
Questions and Answers
state the similarities and differences between the atomic structure of isotopes of the
same element (CORRECT ANSWER)similarities - same number of electrons and
protons, differences - atomic mass
what are the reagents and conditions needed to convert an alkene into a saturated
hydrocarbon? (CORRECT ANSWER)hydrogen under reflux and a nickel catalyst
write the ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous lead nitrate and aqueous
potassium iodide ( Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) --> PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)) (CORRECT
ANSWER)Pb 2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) --> PbI2 (s)
write an equation including state symbols to represent the second ionization energy
of strontium (CORRECT ANSWER)Sr+ (g) --> Sr2+ (g) + e-
explain the differences in the melting points of phosphorus and chlorine (CORRECT
ANSWER)phosphorus has more electrons, so stronger London forces, so more
energy is required to break the intermolecular forces
describe the bonding in magnesium and silicon. include the names of the particles
and describe the forces between the particles in the structures (CORRECT
ANSWER)magnesium has metallic bonds, which contains cations and delocalised
electrons. silicon has covalent bonds between atoms
describe one difference between the sigma bond and the pi bond (CORRECT
ANSWER)pi bonds have sideways overlap, sigma bonds have head on overlap of
orbitals
explain in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why the enthalpy change of
formation of NO is endothermic (CORRECT ANSWER)more energy is required for
bond breaking than is released by bond making
write 2 equations to show how NO radicals catalyse the breakdown of ozone
(CORRECT ANSWER)*NO + O3 --> *NO2 + O2
NO2 + O2 --> *NO + O2
compare the electrical conductivities of solid and aqueous barium chloride
(CORRECT ANSWER)barium chloride does not conduct electricity when solid
because it has ions that are in a fixed position. barium chloride conducts when in
aqueous solutions because it has mobile ions
describe the use of aqueous barium chloride in qualitative analysis (CORRECT
ANSWER)it is used to test for sulfate, and a white precipitate forms
what is the electron configuration of a nitride ion? (CORRECT ANSWER)1s2 2s2
2p6
, describe the oxidation reactions of butan-1-ol forming an aldehyde and a carboxylic
acid (CORRECT ANSWER)forming an aldehyde requires acid and dichromate, with
heating under distillation. the product formed is butanal. forming a carboxylic acid
requires acid and dichromate, with heating under reflux. the product formed is
butanoic acid. distillation apparatus contain a condenser with water flow, and a
collection of the organic product.
what are the reagents and conditions to form cyclohexene from bromocyclohexene
(CORRECT ANSWER)acid catalyst and heat
explain why group 2 elements are reducing agents (CORRECT ANSWER)group 2
metals add electrons to other species
state and explain the trend in alkalinity of the solution formed when group 2 oxides
are added to water (CORRECT ANSWER)group 2 oxides react with water forming
the metal hydroxide. hydroxide ions in solution cause alkalinity. down group 2, the
solubility of the metal hydroxide increases, increasing the pH and alkalinity
state and explain the trend in boiling points of the halogens fluorine to iodine
(CORRECT ANSWER)boiling point increases due to the increase in electrons down
the group. this increases the strength of the London forces and more energy is
needed to break the intermolecular forces
explain why it is important to carry out the carbonate test before carrying out the
sulfate test on an unknown chemical (CORRECT ANSWER)dilute nitric acid reacts
with carbonate ions ad no precipitate of barium carbonate will then form
explain why, if you are testing a mixture, it is important to use nitric acid, rather than
sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, for the carbonate test (CORRECT ANSWER)if sulfuric
acid is used, sulfate ions are added and will show up in the sufate test with Ba2+. if
hydrochloric acid is used, chloride ions are added which will show up in the halide
test with Ag+
write the full equation, with state symbols, for the reaction of chlorine with ion to form
iron (III) chloride (CORRECT ANSWER)2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 (g) -> 2Fecl3(s)
write a half equation to show the reduction of chlorine in the reaction between
chlorine and iron (CORRECT ANSWER)Cl2 + 2e- --> 2Cl-
what difference would you expect in the rate of reaction when chlorine is swapped
with bromine (CORRECT ANSWER)rate of reaction would be slower because
bromine is less reactive than bromine
explain, in terms of first ionisation energies, the increase in reactivity down group 2
(CORRECT ANSWER)down a group, electrons are added to a new shell, further
from the nucleus. there are more inner shells between the outer electrons and
nucleus, increasing the shielding. attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons
decreases. therefore less energy is reuqired to loose and electrons so reactivity
increases
