SPCE 609 EXAM 3 REVISION
SIMPLIFIED SUMMARY
Operant Extinction
responding that meets the reinforcement contingency no
longer produces the reinforcer and, as a result, it falls to
baseline (no-reinforcer) levels.
Can be used to eliminate problem behavior
Page 169-171
B.F. Skinner and The Behavior of Organisms
After each of the rats had pressed the lever and earned food
about 100 times, Skinner disconnected the feeder so the lever
pressing no longer produced this reinforcer. This introduced an
extinction contingency.
IF lever press--THEN no food
Once the operant extinction contingency was introduced, the
rate of lever pressing gradually decreased until the pressing
returned to baseline level.
Page 170
Davenport and Olson (1968)
,When rats pressed a lever it turned off an aversive noise. This is
a negative reinforcement contingency. However, in the
extinction phase, pressing the lever no longer worked. When
this contingency change occurred, the lever pressing decreased
to baseline level.
Page 171
Escape Extinction
responding that meets the negative reinforcement contingency
no longer removes or reduces the aversive event; as a result,
responding decreases to baseline (no-reinforcer) levels
Page 172
Voulgarakis and Forte (2015)
Created a two contingency change with an 8 year old boy with
cerebral palsy whose long-lasting food refusals left him
undernourished.
The first contingency was designed to reduce food refusals:
IF food refusal (tantrum)--THEN food is not removed
The second contingency change was designed to increase
eating:
IF food consumed--THEN child can choose to end the meal
Page 173
, Two factors that influence how quickly behavior decreases to
baseline levels under an operant-extinction contingency
-The rate of reinforcement prior to extinction (the higher the
rate of reinforcement, the faster extinction will work)
-The individual's motivation to acquire the reinforcer (the more
the reinforcer is needed, the more persistent behavior will be
during extinction).
Page 174
Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)
direct relation between prior reinforcement rate and how
quickly behavior undergoes extinction
Page 174
Rate of reinforcement prior to extinction
If behavior has been reinforced every time it occurs, then after
extinction starts, behavior will quickly decrease to baseline
levels. Conversely, if behavior was infrequently reinforced, then
following the contingency change to extinction it will take
longer for behavior to decrease to baseline levels.
Page 174
Motivation (Perin, 1942)
The hungriest rats pressed the levers during extinction far more
often than the ones who had eaten 1-3 hours ago.
SIMPLIFIED SUMMARY
Operant Extinction
responding that meets the reinforcement contingency no
longer produces the reinforcer and, as a result, it falls to
baseline (no-reinforcer) levels.
Can be used to eliminate problem behavior
Page 169-171
B.F. Skinner and The Behavior of Organisms
After each of the rats had pressed the lever and earned food
about 100 times, Skinner disconnected the feeder so the lever
pressing no longer produced this reinforcer. This introduced an
extinction contingency.
IF lever press--THEN no food
Once the operant extinction contingency was introduced, the
rate of lever pressing gradually decreased until the pressing
returned to baseline level.
Page 170
Davenport and Olson (1968)
,When rats pressed a lever it turned off an aversive noise. This is
a negative reinforcement contingency. However, in the
extinction phase, pressing the lever no longer worked. When
this contingency change occurred, the lever pressing decreased
to baseline level.
Page 171
Escape Extinction
responding that meets the negative reinforcement contingency
no longer removes or reduces the aversive event; as a result,
responding decreases to baseline (no-reinforcer) levels
Page 172
Voulgarakis and Forte (2015)
Created a two contingency change with an 8 year old boy with
cerebral palsy whose long-lasting food refusals left him
undernourished.
The first contingency was designed to reduce food refusals:
IF food refusal (tantrum)--THEN food is not removed
The second contingency change was designed to increase
eating:
IF food consumed--THEN child can choose to end the meal
Page 173
, Two factors that influence how quickly behavior decreases to
baseline levels under an operant-extinction contingency
-The rate of reinforcement prior to extinction (the higher the
rate of reinforcement, the faster extinction will work)
-The individual's motivation to acquire the reinforcer (the more
the reinforcer is needed, the more persistent behavior will be
during extinction).
Page 174
Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)
direct relation between prior reinforcement rate and how
quickly behavior undergoes extinction
Page 174
Rate of reinforcement prior to extinction
If behavior has been reinforced every time it occurs, then after
extinction starts, behavior will quickly decrease to baseline
levels. Conversely, if behavior was infrequently reinforced, then
following the contingency change to extinction it will take
longer for behavior to decrease to baseline levels.
Page 174
Motivation (Perin, 1942)
The hungriest rats pressed the levers during extinction far more
often than the ones who had eaten 1-3 hours ago.
