SPCE 609 RECOMMENDED
REVISION SUMMARY
Inclusive
It must account for a substantial quantity of behavior. An
explanation has limited usefulness if it fails to account for the
bulk of human behavior and thus makes prediction and
systematic change of behavior impossible
Verifiable
We should be able to test in some way that it does account
behavior
Predictive utility
It should provide reliable answers about what people are likely
to do under certain circumstances, thereby giving the
practitioner the opportunity to change behavior by changing
conditions
Parsimonious
The simplest one that will account for observed phenomena.
Parsimony does not guarantee correctness because the
simplest explanation may not always be the correct one
4 bodily fluids
1. blood
2. phlegm
,3. yellow bile (choler)
4. black bile (melancholy)
Genetic and Hereditary Effects
It is generally accepted that persons with autism have
abnormalities in brain development and neurochemistry and
that there may be genetic factors related to this disorder
Biochemical Explanations
Biochemical abnormalities have found that in some children
with serious disturbances of behavior. Investigation of such
factors, however, has established only that biochemical
abnormalities exist, not that they cause the disorder.
Biophysical Factors
1. Hypoglycemia
2. Malnutrition
3. Allergic reactions
biochemical or other physiological factors may, along with other
influences, result in damage to the brain or central nervous
system
Brain damage
Hyperactivity is not necessarily caused by brain dysfunction.
Biophysical explanations may also cause teachers to have low
expectations for some students. When this happens, teachers
might not even try to teach things students are capable of
learning
, Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud, who asserted that normal and aberrant human
behavior may be understood and explained on the basis of
progression though certain crucial stages
1. Oral (dependent and aggressive
2. Anal (explosive and retentive
3. Phallic (gender awareness)
these stages to occur before the age of 6 and if mastered, result
into the latency stage, which is a sort of rest stop until puberty,
the last stage, the genital stage emerges
Fixate
In Freud's view, problems arise when person fixates at a certain
stage or when anxiety causes a regression to a previous stage.
People who fixate at or regress to the
- oral-dependent stage may merely be extremely dependent, or
they may see to solve problems by overeating, smoking, or drug
abuse
- oral-aggressive stage may be sarcastic or verbally abusive
- anal-explusive stage results in messiness and disorganization;
at the anal-retentive stage, in compulsive orderliness
A stage theory of Cognitive Development
The forces by Piaget, however, are those enabling the organs to
adapt to the environment - specifically, assimilation, the
tendency to adapt the environment to enhance persona;
REVISION SUMMARY
Inclusive
It must account for a substantial quantity of behavior. An
explanation has limited usefulness if it fails to account for the
bulk of human behavior and thus makes prediction and
systematic change of behavior impossible
Verifiable
We should be able to test in some way that it does account
behavior
Predictive utility
It should provide reliable answers about what people are likely
to do under certain circumstances, thereby giving the
practitioner the opportunity to change behavior by changing
conditions
Parsimonious
The simplest one that will account for observed phenomena.
Parsimony does not guarantee correctness because the
simplest explanation may not always be the correct one
4 bodily fluids
1. blood
2. phlegm
,3. yellow bile (choler)
4. black bile (melancholy)
Genetic and Hereditary Effects
It is generally accepted that persons with autism have
abnormalities in brain development and neurochemistry and
that there may be genetic factors related to this disorder
Biochemical Explanations
Biochemical abnormalities have found that in some children
with serious disturbances of behavior. Investigation of such
factors, however, has established only that biochemical
abnormalities exist, not that they cause the disorder.
Biophysical Factors
1. Hypoglycemia
2. Malnutrition
3. Allergic reactions
biochemical or other physiological factors may, along with other
influences, result in damage to the brain or central nervous
system
Brain damage
Hyperactivity is not necessarily caused by brain dysfunction.
Biophysical explanations may also cause teachers to have low
expectations for some students. When this happens, teachers
might not even try to teach things students are capable of
learning
, Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud, who asserted that normal and aberrant human
behavior may be understood and explained on the basis of
progression though certain crucial stages
1. Oral (dependent and aggressive
2. Anal (explosive and retentive
3. Phallic (gender awareness)
these stages to occur before the age of 6 and if mastered, result
into the latency stage, which is a sort of rest stop until puberty,
the last stage, the genital stage emerges
Fixate
In Freud's view, problems arise when person fixates at a certain
stage or when anxiety causes a regression to a previous stage.
People who fixate at or regress to the
- oral-dependent stage may merely be extremely dependent, or
they may see to solve problems by overeating, smoking, or drug
abuse
- oral-aggressive stage may be sarcastic or verbally abusive
- anal-explusive stage results in messiness and disorganization;
at the anal-retentive stage, in compulsive orderliness
A stage theory of Cognitive Development
The forces by Piaget, however, are those enabling the organs to
adapt to the environment - specifically, assimilation, the
tendency to adapt the environment to enhance persona;
