AHPT 642 Final Exam (Answered) 210
Question and Correct Answers. Latest
2024/205. 100% Correct.
What part of the spine is affected most by metastatic cancer?
Thoracic spine (60%)
What race has the highest mortality rate for cancer?
African Americans (females, specifically)
What is the most important risk factor?
Age
What are the 5 common sites of metastasis
1. lymph nodes
2. liver
3. lung
4. Bone
5. Brain
What does TNM stand for regarding cancer
Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis
How is cancer staged?
Cancer is staged from stage 0 to stage IV, increasing in severity as the numbers get higher
What are the ABCDs for moles and melanoma
Asymmetry
Borders
Color
Diameter
Evolving (is it getting bigger?)
What is remission?
When cancer and signs of cancer cannot be found anymore
What is secondary prevention
regular screening for early detection and prevention of cancer progression
What are some non-modifiable risk factors for cancer
Age over 50 **
Ethnicity (african americans have worst survival rate and hispanic women have lower cure rates with
breast cancer)
,Previous Hx of cancer
Fat distribution
Family History
Environment/ lifestyle
Congenital disease
Long-term infection
Skin color
Gender
Heredity
Age of menopause
Adenomatous polyps
What are some modifiable risk factors for cancer
Smoking/ tobacco use
Chemicals
Urban living
Alcohol consumption
obesity
radiation
STI
Geographic location
HIV
Lung scarring
Nulliparity (never having kids)
Define carcinoma
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
- 80-90% of cancers
- affects skin, large intestine, stomach, breast, and lungs
- may be fast growing
- grows by invading tissue and metastasizing via lymphatics
Define sarcoma
Tumors of connective tissue that are grouped together due to similarities in presentation
- tissues affects are muscle, connective, fibrous tissue, fat, and synovium
- sarcoma is name due to tissue affected
- fibrosarcoma = tumor of fibrous tissue
- osteosarcoma = tumor of bone
- chondrosarcoma = tumor in cartilage
What is a big difference between sarcoma and carcinoma?
Sarcoma is affecting connective tissue and derives from embryologic mesoderm while carcinoma is
affecting epithelial tissue and derives from embryologic ectoderm
What are the three categories of neoplasms
,1. benign (noncancerous, doesnt move)
2. invasive
3. metastatic
Define metastasis
Spread of cancer from original site
How do carcinoma cells meta?
via lymphatics
How do sarcoma cells meta?
via local invasion
How do lymphoma cells meta?
By infiltration
How do leukemia cells meta?
by infiltration
What are the four malignancy subcategories?
1. carcinoma
2. sarcoma
3. lymphoma
4. leukemia
What are modes of metastasis?
blood stream, lymphatics, and infiltration into neighboring tissue
What is a metastatic cascade?
A metastatic colony is the end result of a tumor host interaction - many metastasis die in transit
What is skip metastasis?
non-continuous/ distant nodal metastasis
What determines the pattern of metastasis
blood flow, venous drainage, and lymphatic channels
What is benign mechanical transport?
(BMT) is NOT metastasis, it is another mechanism of spread by either (1) lymphatic transport of
epithelial cells displaced by biopsy of primary tumor or (2) breast massage assisted transport
What is considered a recent biopsy? (how many months)
6 months
What are the early warning signs of metastasis
, rapid weight loss
unusual vital signs
frequent infection
night pain
What is Necrosis
Invading or compressing of local tissue, shutting off blood supply to normal cells
What are the three L's to note?
Lumps, lymph nodes, and lesions
- make note of size, thickness, tenderness, etc
- not location consistency, mobility, fixation, shape
What does the acronym CAUTIONS stand for
Changes in bowel/bladder
A sore that does not heal in 6 weeks
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening/ lumps in breast or skin
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious wart or mole changes
Nagging cough/ hoarseness
Supplemental symptoms (weakness, pain, change in DTRs, integumentary manifestations)
What is the most common MSK/ NMS symptom with cancer?
difficulty walking or going up stairs with pain
What is the most common type of cancer
Skin cancer
What are the classifications of skin cancer
non-melanoma or melanoma
What is the difference between non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer
NMSC: slow growing, easy to recognize, responds to intervention (can affect basal cells or squamous
cells)
MSC: Less common than NMSC, but more serious, lower survival rate if meta., accounts of <1% of
skin cancer, present as flat, irregularly shaped, brown, black, red, blue, or white color
What are the ABCs of early melanoma detection
Asymmetry, uneven edges
Border that is irregular
Color is black, brown, red, blue, or white
Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser
Evolving lesion that looks different from others and is changing
What is the most common of all metastatic tumors?
Pulmonary manifestations due to filtration system of blood through the heart valves
Question and Correct Answers. Latest
2024/205. 100% Correct.
What part of the spine is affected most by metastatic cancer?
Thoracic spine (60%)
What race has the highest mortality rate for cancer?
African Americans (females, specifically)
What is the most important risk factor?
Age
What are the 5 common sites of metastasis
1. lymph nodes
2. liver
3. lung
4. Bone
5. Brain
What does TNM stand for regarding cancer
Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis
How is cancer staged?
Cancer is staged from stage 0 to stage IV, increasing in severity as the numbers get higher
What are the ABCDs for moles and melanoma
Asymmetry
Borders
Color
Diameter
Evolving (is it getting bigger?)
What is remission?
When cancer and signs of cancer cannot be found anymore
What is secondary prevention
regular screening for early detection and prevention of cancer progression
What are some non-modifiable risk factors for cancer
Age over 50 **
Ethnicity (african americans have worst survival rate and hispanic women have lower cure rates with
breast cancer)
,Previous Hx of cancer
Fat distribution
Family History
Environment/ lifestyle
Congenital disease
Long-term infection
Skin color
Gender
Heredity
Age of menopause
Adenomatous polyps
What are some modifiable risk factors for cancer
Smoking/ tobacco use
Chemicals
Urban living
Alcohol consumption
obesity
radiation
STI
Geographic location
HIV
Lung scarring
Nulliparity (never having kids)
Define carcinoma
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
- 80-90% of cancers
- affects skin, large intestine, stomach, breast, and lungs
- may be fast growing
- grows by invading tissue and metastasizing via lymphatics
Define sarcoma
Tumors of connective tissue that are grouped together due to similarities in presentation
- tissues affects are muscle, connective, fibrous tissue, fat, and synovium
- sarcoma is name due to tissue affected
- fibrosarcoma = tumor of fibrous tissue
- osteosarcoma = tumor of bone
- chondrosarcoma = tumor in cartilage
What is a big difference between sarcoma and carcinoma?
Sarcoma is affecting connective tissue and derives from embryologic mesoderm while carcinoma is
affecting epithelial tissue and derives from embryologic ectoderm
What are the three categories of neoplasms
,1. benign (noncancerous, doesnt move)
2. invasive
3. metastatic
Define metastasis
Spread of cancer from original site
How do carcinoma cells meta?
via lymphatics
How do sarcoma cells meta?
via local invasion
How do lymphoma cells meta?
By infiltration
How do leukemia cells meta?
by infiltration
What are the four malignancy subcategories?
1. carcinoma
2. sarcoma
3. lymphoma
4. leukemia
What are modes of metastasis?
blood stream, lymphatics, and infiltration into neighboring tissue
What is a metastatic cascade?
A metastatic colony is the end result of a tumor host interaction - many metastasis die in transit
What is skip metastasis?
non-continuous/ distant nodal metastasis
What determines the pattern of metastasis
blood flow, venous drainage, and lymphatic channels
What is benign mechanical transport?
(BMT) is NOT metastasis, it is another mechanism of spread by either (1) lymphatic transport of
epithelial cells displaced by biopsy of primary tumor or (2) breast massage assisted transport
What is considered a recent biopsy? (how many months)
6 months
What are the early warning signs of metastasis
, rapid weight loss
unusual vital signs
frequent infection
night pain
What is Necrosis
Invading or compressing of local tissue, shutting off blood supply to normal cells
What are the three L's to note?
Lumps, lymph nodes, and lesions
- make note of size, thickness, tenderness, etc
- not location consistency, mobility, fixation, shape
What does the acronym CAUTIONS stand for
Changes in bowel/bladder
A sore that does not heal in 6 weeks
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening/ lumps in breast or skin
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious wart or mole changes
Nagging cough/ hoarseness
Supplemental symptoms (weakness, pain, change in DTRs, integumentary manifestations)
What is the most common MSK/ NMS symptom with cancer?
difficulty walking or going up stairs with pain
What is the most common type of cancer
Skin cancer
What are the classifications of skin cancer
non-melanoma or melanoma
What is the difference between non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer
NMSC: slow growing, easy to recognize, responds to intervention (can affect basal cells or squamous
cells)
MSC: Less common than NMSC, but more serious, lower survival rate if meta., accounts of <1% of
skin cancer, present as flat, irregularly shaped, brown, black, red, blue, or white color
What are the ABCs of early melanoma detection
Asymmetry, uneven edges
Border that is irregular
Color is black, brown, red, blue, or white
Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser
Evolving lesion that looks different from others and is changing
What is the most common of all metastatic tumors?
Pulmonary manifestations due to filtration system of blood through the heart valves
