NUR 2063 FINAL EXAM 2LATEST VERSIONS 2023 ESSENTIALS
OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS RASMUSSEN
How does the RAA mechanism work? - ANSWER: blood pressure falls -> the kidney
screatesrenin -> renin acts on angiotensinogen to form angiotensinogen 1 ->
angiotensinogen converting enzyme releases from lungs and acts to form
angiotensinogen 2 -> angiotensinogen 2 then acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate
the release of aldosterone -> aldosterone acts on the kidneys to stimulate the
reabsorption of salt and water -> increases blood pressure
What is the outcome of the RAA mechanism? - ANSWER: increase blood pressure
What are the 4 mechanisms of edema? - ANSWER: - increased capillary filtration
(hydrostatic) pressure
- decreased capillary collloid (oncotic) pressure
- increased capillary permability
- obstruction to lymphatic drainage
When is edema life threatening? - ANSWER: If occurs in brain, larynx, lungs or
pericardium
What is the normal serum sodium range? - ANSWER: 135-145 mEq/L
What regulates sodium? - ANSWER: aldosterone
What regulates water? - ANSWER: ADH
Diabetes Insipidus - ANSWER: *low ADH*, ↑urine, ↑ thirst, risk of dehydration
SIADH - ANSWER: *high ADH*, scanty urine, fluid overload, low sodium = seizures
What are the clnical signs of fluid volume deficit? - ANSWER: - hypotension
- tachycardia; weak/thready
- decreased level of consciousness
- dark urine w/strong odor
- urine amount less than 30 ml/hr
- weight loss
- weakness/fatigue/dizziness
- delayed capillary refill
- sunken eyes
- thirst
What are the clinical signs of fluid volume excess? - ANSWER: - shortness of breath;
crackles in lungs
, - weight gain; intake > output
- hypertension; full bounding pulses with tachycardia
- juguar venous distention; elevated CVP
- edema
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER: - can be deadly *(cardiac arrest)*
- main cause is renal failure
____________________ are fatty fibrotic lesions in intimal lining of arteries. -
ANSWER: atherosclerosis
What carries cholesterol to artery walls? - ANSWER: LDL
What carries cholesterol away from artery walls to liver? - ANSWER: HDL
Stable Angina - ANSWER: - stable plaque with thick fibrous caps
- symptoms = chest pain *(predictable)*
- goes away with rest
- imbalance in oxygen supply and demand (ischemia)
Unstable Angina - ANSWER: - unstable plaque with thin fibrous cap
- symptoms = chest pain worse *(unpredictable)*
- does NOT go away with rest
_____________ ______________ is a sudden rupture of plaque with thrombus
formation and blockage of blood flow leading to injury and necrosis. - ANSWER:
myocardial infarction (MI)
MI is diagnosed by? - ANSWER: 12 lead EKG or cardiac enzymes (troponin)
What are the main complications after MI? - ANSWER: heart failure and
dysrhythmias
_____________ is sudden cardiac death. - ANSWER: ventricular fibrillation (v. fib)
All __________ ___________ is assumed cardiac until proven otherwise. - ANSWER:
chest pain
Normal RBC - ANSWER: 3.5
What is elevated RBCs called? - ANSWER: polycythemia
What is decreased RBCs called? - ANSWER: anemia
Normal Hgb - ANSWER: 12 - 16 mg/dl
Normal Hct - ANSWER: 36 - 48% or 3 x Hgb
OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS RASMUSSEN
How does the RAA mechanism work? - ANSWER: blood pressure falls -> the kidney
screatesrenin -> renin acts on angiotensinogen to form angiotensinogen 1 ->
angiotensinogen converting enzyme releases from lungs and acts to form
angiotensinogen 2 -> angiotensinogen 2 then acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate
the release of aldosterone -> aldosterone acts on the kidneys to stimulate the
reabsorption of salt and water -> increases blood pressure
What is the outcome of the RAA mechanism? - ANSWER: increase blood pressure
What are the 4 mechanisms of edema? - ANSWER: - increased capillary filtration
(hydrostatic) pressure
- decreased capillary collloid (oncotic) pressure
- increased capillary permability
- obstruction to lymphatic drainage
When is edema life threatening? - ANSWER: If occurs in brain, larynx, lungs or
pericardium
What is the normal serum sodium range? - ANSWER: 135-145 mEq/L
What regulates sodium? - ANSWER: aldosterone
What regulates water? - ANSWER: ADH
Diabetes Insipidus - ANSWER: *low ADH*, ↑urine, ↑ thirst, risk of dehydration
SIADH - ANSWER: *high ADH*, scanty urine, fluid overload, low sodium = seizures
What are the clnical signs of fluid volume deficit? - ANSWER: - hypotension
- tachycardia; weak/thready
- decreased level of consciousness
- dark urine w/strong odor
- urine amount less than 30 ml/hr
- weight loss
- weakness/fatigue/dizziness
- delayed capillary refill
- sunken eyes
- thirst
What are the clinical signs of fluid volume excess? - ANSWER: - shortness of breath;
crackles in lungs
, - weight gain; intake > output
- hypertension; full bounding pulses with tachycardia
- juguar venous distention; elevated CVP
- edema
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER: - can be deadly *(cardiac arrest)*
- main cause is renal failure
____________________ are fatty fibrotic lesions in intimal lining of arteries. -
ANSWER: atherosclerosis
What carries cholesterol to artery walls? - ANSWER: LDL
What carries cholesterol away from artery walls to liver? - ANSWER: HDL
Stable Angina - ANSWER: - stable plaque with thick fibrous caps
- symptoms = chest pain *(predictable)*
- goes away with rest
- imbalance in oxygen supply and demand (ischemia)
Unstable Angina - ANSWER: - unstable plaque with thin fibrous cap
- symptoms = chest pain worse *(unpredictable)*
- does NOT go away with rest
_____________ ______________ is a sudden rupture of plaque with thrombus
formation and blockage of blood flow leading to injury and necrosis. - ANSWER:
myocardial infarction (MI)
MI is diagnosed by? - ANSWER: 12 lead EKG or cardiac enzymes (troponin)
What are the main complications after MI? - ANSWER: heart failure and
dysrhythmias
_____________ is sudden cardiac death. - ANSWER: ventricular fibrillation (v. fib)
All __________ ___________ is assumed cardiac until proven otherwise. - ANSWER:
chest pain
Normal RBC - ANSWER: 3.5
What is elevated RBCs called? - ANSWER: polycythemia
What is decreased RBCs called? - ANSWER: anemia
Normal Hgb - ANSWER: 12 - 16 mg/dl
Normal Hct - ANSWER: 36 - 48% or 3 x Hgb
