PHA611 BOT LEC 1F-PH ‘28 |
1st Semester | 2nd Shifting |A.Y. 2024-2025
COURSE OUTLINE ➔ Diploid Cells, 2N
I. Cell Division
1. Cell Type and Growth
2. Division Phase
3. Growth and Division
II. Plant Tissues ➔ somatic cells
➔ two sets of chromosomes in each nucleus
CELL DIVISION ➔ Haploid Cells, N
➔ a process by which a single cell splits into
two or more daughter cells.
➔ essential for growth, repair, and
reproduction.
➔ cell cycle arrest - cells stop dividing and
enter an extended period of growth, in ➔ reproductive cells
which they differentiate and mature. ➔ one set of chromosomes in each nucleus
➔ some cells live for many years, but others ➔ Zygote
die shortly after maturation:
a. bark cells - more protective if they
are dead, outer part of tree trunk.
b. gland cells - die after brief period
of secretion
➔ some cells never stop dividing; ➔ formed by the fusion of two haploid cells
a. cambial cells - one of the new ➔ diploid cell with two sets of chromosomes
daughters becomes a wood or (one from each parent)
bark cell and the other remains ➔ first stage of a new organism’s
part of the dividing layer. development
CELL TYPES Number of chromosomes in a haploid set
➔ two types of cell:
Species Common No. of
a. somatic cells - forms body of an
organism, maintains life process Name chromosome
b. reproductive cells - production of s
offspring, gametes (sperm cell and
egg cell) Pisum Pea 6
➔ two types of cell division: sativum
a. mitosis - somatic cells
b. meiosis - gametes Beta Beet 8
➔ two types of cell according to chromosome vulgaris
number:
Allium cepa Onion 8
Zea mays Corn 10
Oryza sativa Rice 12
, LECTURE # 2 PHA611 LEC– PLANT TISSUES
Triticum Wheat 21 G 1 PHASE
aestivum
Homo Humans 23
sapiens
Solanum Potato 24
tuberosum
*arranged based on increasing no. of
chromosomes* ➔ longest part of the cycle
➔ first stage after division, the cell is
KEY TERMS recovering from division and conducting
most of its normal metabolism
☆ Diploid - 2N, specific for each organism
☆ Haploid - N ➔ synthesis of nucleotide; DNA replication
☆ Zygote - 2N; 46 chromosomes, 23 ➔ nucleotide - monomer of nucleic acid,
chromosomes from each parents
consists of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and
a phosphate group.
CELL CYCLE
S PHASE
➔ from its origin in the division of parent cell
until its own division into two cells
➔ cyclic interaction between mitosis and
interphase ➔ genes in the nucleus are replicated
➔ divided into two phase: a. gene - polymer of nucleotides
a. Growth Phase (each gene has a unique sequence
b. Division Phase of nucleotides)
● Karyokinesis - mitosis or b. genome - whole complex of genes
meiosis of an organism
● Cytokinesis
GROWTH PHASE / INTERPHASE
➔ resting phase
➔ divided into three phases:
a. G1 Phase
b. S Phase
c. G2 Phase
➔ genes are attached to other genes in a
linear sequence by short pieces of linker
DNA = chromosomes
➔ histones - complexes with the DNA and
gives it both protection and structure
➔ chromatid - half of the doubled
chromosome
1st Semester | 2nd Shifting |A.Y. 2024-2025
COURSE OUTLINE ➔ Diploid Cells, 2N
I. Cell Division
1. Cell Type and Growth
2. Division Phase
3. Growth and Division
II. Plant Tissues ➔ somatic cells
➔ two sets of chromosomes in each nucleus
CELL DIVISION ➔ Haploid Cells, N
➔ a process by which a single cell splits into
two or more daughter cells.
➔ essential for growth, repair, and
reproduction.
➔ cell cycle arrest - cells stop dividing and
enter an extended period of growth, in ➔ reproductive cells
which they differentiate and mature. ➔ one set of chromosomes in each nucleus
➔ some cells live for many years, but others ➔ Zygote
die shortly after maturation:
a. bark cells - more protective if they
are dead, outer part of tree trunk.
b. gland cells - die after brief period
of secretion
➔ some cells never stop dividing; ➔ formed by the fusion of two haploid cells
a. cambial cells - one of the new ➔ diploid cell with two sets of chromosomes
daughters becomes a wood or (one from each parent)
bark cell and the other remains ➔ first stage of a new organism’s
part of the dividing layer. development
CELL TYPES Number of chromosomes in a haploid set
➔ two types of cell:
Species Common No. of
a. somatic cells - forms body of an
organism, maintains life process Name chromosome
b. reproductive cells - production of s
offspring, gametes (sperm cell and
egg cell) Pisum Pea 6
➔ two types of cell division: sativum
a. mitosis - somatic cells
b. meiosis - gametes Beta Beet 8
➔ two types of cell according to chromosome vulgaris
number:
Allium cepa Onion 8
Zea mays Corn 10
Oryza sativa Rice 12
, LECTURE # 2 PHA611 LEC– PLANT TISSUES
Triticum Wheat 21 G 1 PHASE
aestivum
Homo Humans 23
sapiens
Solanum Potato 24
tuberosum
*arranged based on increasing no. of
chromosomes* ➔ longest part of the cycle
➔ first stage after division, the cell is
KEY TERMS recovering from division and conducting
most of its normal metabolism
☆ Diploid - 2N, specific for each organism
☆ Haploid - N ➔ synthesis of nucleotide; DNA replication
☆ Zygote - 2N; 46 chromosomes, 23 ➔ nucleotide - monomer of nucleic acid,
chromosomes from each parents
consists of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and
a phosphate group.
CELL CYCLE
S PHASE
➔ from its origin in the division of parent cell
until its own division into two cells
➔ cyclic interaction between mitosis and
interphase ➔ genes in the nucleus are replicated
➔ divided into two phase: a. gene - polymer of nucleotides
a. Growth Phase (each gene has a unique sequence
b. Division Phase of nucleotides)
● Karyokinesis - mitosis or b. genome - whole complex of genes
meiosis of an organism
● Cytokinesis
GROWTH PHASE / INTERPHASE
➔ resting phase
➔ divided into three phases:
a. G1 Phase
b. S Phase
c. G2 Phase
➔ genes are attached to other genes in a
linear sequence by short pieces of linker
DNA = chromosomes
➔ histones - complexes with the DNA and
gives it both protection and structure
➔ chromatid - half of the doubled
chromosome
