Chapter 1:
● The biosphere interconnects with itself and includes many different biomes
● Biodiversity is highest toward the equator because of warm temperatures
● Species Richness and Evenness
○ Richness- # of different species
○ Evenness- # of individuals for each species (Abundance)
● All organisms…
○ have cellular organization
○ get and use energy (metabolism)
○ respond to stimuli
■ Remember internal/external
○ ability to reproduce
■ Remember asexual/sexual
● The level of organization goes from atom to organism
○ Life begins at the cell level
● 4 Big Themes of Biology
○ Systems of related parts
■ Systems exist on all scales
○ Structure and function
○ Homeostasis
■ Conditions inside an organism stay constant and must be in balance
○ Unity and diversity in life
■ All organisms have similar cell structures and chemical processes. These
shared characteristics result from a common evolutionary descent
Chapter 2 Section 1-2:
● Basic elements found in biology
● 25 elements found in the body
○ Most abundant in order are Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
● Subatomic Particles
, ○ Protons- P+ positively charged
○ Neutron- N0 no charge
○ Electrons- e- negative charge
● Understanding periodic table
2
● Compounds are 2 or more different atoms
● Organic Compounds
○ Always contain C & H usually O, N sometime S & P
○ From organisms
○ Large and complex
● Inorganic Compounds
○ Usually don't have carbon
○ Come from the earth
○ Small simple molecules
● Covalent Bonding
○ Between nonmetals (far right)
○ Bonds between valence electrons creating stability
● Ionic Bonds
○ Because of oppositely charged ions they attract
○ Metals and nonmetals left and right of periodic table
○ Redox
■ Reduction Oxidation reactions (transfer of electrons
■ If gains electron it is reduced
■ If loses it is oxidized
, ● Hydrogen bonds
○ Made between hydrogen and O or N
○ Attraction of positive and negative ions
○ In water is serves different functions
■ cohesion/adhesion
● Allows for capillary action in plants
■ High heat capacity
■ Less dense as a solid
■ Good solvent
● Polarity
○ Non polar when molecules don’t have charged regions
○ Polar when they have slightly charged regions
● Ph
Chapter 2 Section 3-5:
● Functional Groups
○ Carboxylic Acid (CO2 or -COOH)
, ■ Commonly found in amino acids
■ Is attached as a whole group to a carbon
■ Vinegar contain acetic acid and vitamin c is ascorbic acid
○ Alcohol Group (-OH)
■ Located at the end of carbon chains
■ Polar
■ Examples: ethanol, glycerol and methanol
○ Amino Group(-NH2)
■ Functional group attached to amino acids
■ Organic compounds are called amines when this group is added
■ Glycine and alanine are examples
● Condensation- When two amino acids bond together they leave H2O
● Hydrolysis- When you add H2O to two combined momermers they break apart to their
single momermer
● Carbohydrates
○ CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio
○ Monomer:Monosaccharides
■ Examples: Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose and ribose
■ Glucose specifically has 6 carbons and is found in our blood
■ Fructose, galactose, and glucose are isomer meaning they have the same
atoms but different structure
○ Polymers
■ #1: Disaccharides
● Examples: Sucrose, lactose and maltose
■ #2: Polysaccharides
● Examples: Starch Cellulose and glycogen
● Good for containment because of insolubility
● The biosphere interconnects with itself and includes many different biomes
● Biodiversity is highest toward the equator because of warm temperatures
● Species Richness and Evenness
○ Richness- # of different species
○ Evenness- # of individuals for each species (Abundance)
● All organisms…
○ have cellular organization
○ get and use energy (metabolism)
○ respond to stimuli
■ Remember internal/external
○ ability to reproduce
■ Remember asexual/sexual
● The level of organization goes from atom to organism
○ Life begins at the cell level
● 4 Big Themes of Biology
○ Systems of related parts
■ Systems exist on all scales
○ Structure and function
○ Homeostasis
■ Conditions inside an organism stay constant and must be in balance
○ Unity and diversity in life
■ All organisms have similar cell structures and chemical processes. These
shared characteristics result from a common evolutionary descent
Chapter 2 Section 1-2:
● Basic elements found in biology
● 25 elements found in the body
○ Most abundant in order are Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
● Subatomic Particles
, ○ Protons- P+ positively charged
○ Neutron- N0 no charge
○ Electrons- e- negative charge
● Understanding periodic table
2
● Compounds are 2 or more different atoms
● Organic Compounds
○ Always contain C & H usually O, N sometime S & P
○ From organisms
○ Large and complex
● Inorganic Compounds
○ Usually don't have carbon
○ Come from the earth
○ Small simple molecules
● Covalent Bonding
○ Between nonmetals (far right)
○ Bonds between valence electrons creating stability
● Ionic Bonds
○ Because of oppositely charged ions they attract
○ Metals and nonmetals left and right of periodic table
○ Redox
■ Reduction Oxidation reactions (transfer of electrons
■ If gains electron it is reduced
■ If loses it is oxidized
, ● Hydrogen bonds
○ Made between hydrogen and O or N
○ Attraction of positive and negative ions
○ In water is serves different functions
■ cohesion/adhesion
● Allows for capillary action in plants
■ High heat capacity
■ Less dense as a solid
■ Good solvent
● Polarity
○ Non polar when molecules don’t have charged regions
○ Polar when they have slightly charged regions
● Ph
Chapter 2 Section 3-5:
● Functional Groups
○ Carboxylic Acid (CO2 or -COOH)
, ■ Commonly found in amino acids
■ Is attached as a whole group to a carbon
■ Vinegar contain acetic acid and vitamin c is ascorbic acid
○ Alcohol Group (-OH)
■ Located at the end of carbon chains
■ Polar
■ Examples: ethanol, glycerol and methanol
○ Amino Group(-NH2)
■ Functional group attached to amino acids
■ Organic compounds are called amines when this group is added
■ Glycine and alanine are examples
● Condensation- When two amino acids bond together they leave H2O
● Hydrolysis- When you add H2O to two combined momermers they break apart to their
single momermer
● Carbohydrates
○ CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio
○ Monomer:Monosaccharides
■ Examples: Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose and ribose
■ Glucose specifically has 6 carbons and is found in our blood
■ Fructose, galactose, and glucose are isomer meaning they have the same
atoms but different structure
○ Polymers
■ #1: Disaccharides
● Examples: Sucrose, lactose and maltose
■ #2: Polysaccharides
● Examples: Starch Cellulose and glycogen
● Good for containment because of insolubility
