STM Final Exam Study Guide Solutions

STM Final Exam Study Guide Solutions myofascial manipulation: autonomic or reflexive approach - Ans:--attempt to exert effect through skin & superficial connective tissues -ex: soft tissue mobs: stimulates sensory receptors in the skin & superficial fascia -ex: TENS - direct stimulation of large myelinated large fibers overrides noxious stimuli traveling to higher centers of the CNS -ex: connective tissue massage (bindegewebsmassage) & Hoffa massage myofascial manipulation: mechanical approach - Ans:--seek to make mechanical, or histological, changes in the myofascial structures -ex: superficial tissue rolling to mobilize adhesions, elongation of a superficial fascial plane, stretching hamstrings -ex: Rolfing, Trager, Myofascial release -should be performed following some form of autonomic technique -begin with gentler techniques then progress to more aggressive ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/59 myofascial manipulation: movement approach - Ans:--pt actively participates -clinician guides pt through a series of mvmts to change aberrant patterns & retrain into more efficient mvmts & postures -ex; PNF, Alexander technique, Feldenkrais method what is the cutivisceral reflex described by Elizabeth Dicke - Ans:--used to describe effects of CTM -CTM can release nerve impulses along quite specific paths by means of reflexes that are locked into the CNS & create reactions in distant organs -ex: application of mother's warm hand to alleviate child's stomachache Hoffa massage techniques & potential benefits - Ans:--effleurage: when performed w/ mod pressure, slowly & smoothly on the back, it may stimulate the PNS & evoke the relaxation response -petrissage: may help separate mm fibers & evoke muscular relaxation -tapotement -vibration Ida Rolf's concept of "fascial sweater" - Ans:--fascial restriction in one area will strain areas away from the restriction & cause abnormal mvmt patterns -based on the idea that the fascial network is continuous throughout the body ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/59 basic premises of Rolfing - Ans:--belief that myofascial component determine adequacy of the jt & that by integrating the myofascial to normal or more toward normal, the pt would have "normal" mvmt -tissue of focus is fascia (constantly reorganizes & responds to stress) -person's psychological components are manifested in structure & that changing the structure can change the psychological component Goal for human body that all Rolfer's are striving - Ans:--balance & harmony of mvmt basic premise of Tragering - Ans:--mechanical soft tissue & neurophysiological reeducation approach (uses NERVOUS SYSTEM to make changes) -directed towards unconscious mind -uses gentle passive motions that emphasize mobilization techniques (traction, rotation & mentastics) direct myofascial release - Ans:--intent: to improve mobility of soft tissues through application of a slow, controlled mechanical stress directly into a restriction -pressure gradually increased or repeated until mobility of tissue is felt to improve -tissue may be manipulated while pt is either passively or actively moving (depends on pt tolerance) indirect myofascial release - Ans:--applied similarly to direct -amt of force is lower in intensity but much longer in duration (gives tissues an opportunity to release) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/59 -often used when pt's are tender or extremely guarded (pt feedback essential!) movement approach: PNF (basic principles) - Ans:-1) always keep treatment approach positive, reinforcing what pt can do on both physical & psychological levels 2) help pts achieve their highest level of function 3) direct the entire human being in each treatment & not a specific problem or body segment -use diagonal mvmts based on synergistic patterns -ex: rhythmic initiation, rhythmic stabilization, contract relax, hold relax movement approach: Alexander technique - Ans:--based on theory that in each human there exists an integration mechanism that produces more optimal coordination & functioning -cornerstone of this technique: position of head & neck (pt learns to activate primary locus of control here) -palpatory & verbal feedback given as new positions & mvmt patterns are learned -best learned slowly & w/ positive reinforcement -often used w/ TMJD ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/59 movement approach: Feldenkrais method - Ans:--seeks to retrain body away from aberrant mvmt patterns into more efficient ones -designed to help body reprogram brain to integrate whole mind-body entity 2 basic approaches: 1) awareness through mvmt 2) functional integration (hands on) -cornerstone of method: idea that all persons exhibit some abnormal mvmt either from previous trauma or old habit patterns histological makeup of connective tissue - Ans:--CT subclassified into CT proper, cartilage & bone -CT proper subclassified by orientation & density (dense regular, dense irregular, & loose irregular) different cells of connective tissues - Ans:-fibroblasts, fibrocytes, myofibroblasts, macrophages & histiocytes, mast cells, plasma cells fibroblasts - Ans:-synthesize collagen, elastin, reticulin & ground sub