©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
AHN 577 Test 2 – Ortho Study Guide
Open (Compound) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Skin not intact near fracture
Closed (Simple) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-2 bone fragments with skin intact
Non-Displaced Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Bone segment aligned
Displaced Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Bone segments not aligned or separated
Transverse Fracture line - Ans:✔✔-Caused by tension; fracture at right angle to long bone axis
Longitudnal Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Fracture occurs along (parallel) to axis of bone
Oblique fracture line - Ans:✔✔-Caused by compression; fracture at angle across bone
Butterfly Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-When 2 are more oblique fractures occur, causing a wedged shape
fracture to occur between the proximal and distal fractures. Caused by bending of bone.
Spiral Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Occurs d/t being in motion when fracture occurs, causing torsion to
fractured bone. (Caused by torsion of bone)
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Comminuted (Complex) Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Break or splintering of bone ends into multiple large
pieces (2 or more). Large enough to screw.
Segmental Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Composed of 2 or more fracture lines that together isolates a section
of the bone usually affect diaphysis (long segment of bone).
Impact Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-One of the fractured segments is driven into another segment of the
fracture.
Stellate Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Line of fracture radiates from a point of injury (i.e., skull fractures or
patella)
Avulsion Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Injury to bone where ligaments or tendons attaches to bone and pulls off
bone while pulling a piece of bone with it.
Gustilo Classification of Bone Fracture Type 1 - Ans:✔✔-Open fracture with a skin wound < or = 1 cm in
length and clean (minimal soft tissue injury)
Gustilo Classification of Bone Fracture Type II - Ans:✔✔-Open fracture with a laceration/wound > 1 cm
without extensive soft tissue damage, flaps or avulsions.
Gustilo Classification of Bone Fracture Type III - Ans:✔✔-Open segmental fracture wound with extensive
soft tissue injury.
IIIa - Adequate soft tissue coverage
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IIIb - Significant soft tissue loss with exposed bone that requires soft tissue transfer to achieve coverage.
IIIc - Associated vascular injury that requires repair for limb preservation.
Mal-union - Ans:✔✔-Fracture heals in wrong position
Non-Union - Ans:✔✔-Fracture fails to heal
Subluxation - Ans:✔✔-Partial dislocation of fracture
Pathological (Traumatic) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Weak areas of bone usually seen with osteomalacia, cyst,
carcinoma, Paget's dz.
Stress Fracture - Ans:✔✔-a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
(i.e., running)
Greenstick Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
Usually seen in children d/t soft bones
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Torus (Buckle) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-One in which one cortex is intact with buckling or compaction of the
opposite cortex creating a fracture (Seen as a bump).
Usually seen in children.
Dislocation - Ans:✔✔-Displacement of a bone or joint from its normal position
Subluxation dislocation - Ans:✔✔-Incomplete dislocation
Typical Findings of a Fracture - Ans:✔✔-1. Pain on palpation over fracture
2. Deformity of limb (not always immediately visible)
3. Palpable and/or audible crepitus
4. Diminished or absent distal pulses
5. Swelling
6. Ecchymosis or frank bleeding
7. Decrease or absent ROM distal to fracture
8. Neurologic injury distal to fracture
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
AHN 577 Test 2 – Ortho Study Guide
Open (Compound) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Skin not intact near fracture
Closed (Simple) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-2 bone fragments with skin intact
Non-Displaced Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Bone segment aligned
Displaced Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Bone segments not aligned or separated
Transverse Fracture line - Ans:✔✔-Caused by tension; fracture at right angle to long bone axis
Longitudnal Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Fracture occurs along (parallel) to axis of bone
Oblique fracture line - Ans:✔✔-Caused by compression; fracture at angle across bone
Butterfly Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-When 2 are more oblique fractures occur, causing a wedged shape
fracture to occur between the proximal and distal fractures. Caused by bending of bone.
Spiral Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Occurs d/t being in motion when fracture occurs, causing torsion to
fractured bone. (Caused by torsion of bone)
Page 1/83
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Comminuted (Complex) Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Break or splintering of bone ends into multiple large
pieces (2 or more). Large enough to screw.
Segmental Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Composed of 2 or more fracture lines that together isolates a section
of the bone usually affect diaphysis (long segment of bone).
Impact Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-One of the fractured segments is driven into another segment of the
fracture.
Stellate Fracture Line - Ans:✔✔-Line of fracture radiates from a point of injury (i.e., skull fractures or
patella)
Avulsion Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Injury to bone where ligaments or tendons attaches to bone and pulls off
bone while pulling a piece of bone with it.
Gustilo Classification of Bone Fracture Type 1 - Ans:✔✔-Open fracture with a skin wound < or = 1 cm in
length and clean (minimal soft tissue injury)
Gustilo Classification of Bone Fracture Type II - Ans:✔✔-Open fracture with a laceration/wound > 1 cm
without extensive soft tissue damage, flaps or avulsions.
Gustilo Classification of Bone Fracture Type III - Ans:✔✔-Open segmental fracture wound with extensive
soft tissue injury.
IIIa - Adequate soft tissue coverage
Page 2/83
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
IIIb - Significant soft tissue loss with exposed bone that requires soft tissue transfer to achieve coverage.
IIIc - Associated vascular injury that requires repair for limb preservation.
Mal-union - Ans:✔✔-Fracture heals in wrong position
Non-Union - Ans:✔✔-Fracture fails to heal
Subluxation - Ans:✔✔-Partial dislocation of fracture
Pathological (Traumatic) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Weak areas of bone usually seen with osteomalacia, cyst,
carcinoma, Paget's dz.
Stress Fracture - Ans:✔✔-a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
(i.e., running)
Greenstick Fracture - Ans:✔✔-Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
Usually seen in children d/t soft bones
Page 3/83
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Torus (Buckle) Fracture - Ans:✔✔-One in which one cortex is intact with buckling or compaction of the
opposite cortex creating a fracture (Seen as a bump).
Usually seen in children.
Dislocation - Ans:✔✔-Displacement of a bone or joint from its normal position
Subluxation dislocation - Ans:✔✔-Incomplete dislocation
Typical Findings of a Fracture - Ans:✔✔-1. Pain on palpation over fracture
2. Deformity of limb (not always immediately visible)
3. Palpable and/or audible crepitus
4. Diminished or absent distal pulses
5. Swelling
6. Ecchymosis or frank bleeding
7. Decrease or absent ROM distal to fracture
8. Neurologic injury distal to fracture
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