Bio 116: Exam Two: Blood (Review Questions) with Correct Answers

Bio 116: Exam Two: Blood (Review Questions) with Correct Answers the fluid component of a solution - Ans:-solvent any material dissolved in a solution - Ans:-solute a fluid containing dissolved materials - Ans:-solution a solution with water as its solvent - Ans:-aqueous solution a solution with dispersed proteins - Ans:-colloid solution a mixture of a solvent & a large solute - Ans:-suspension When left undisturbed, a solute will settle out of a solution due to ______. - Ans:-force of gravity settling of the solute out of a suspension - Ans:-sedimentation What are the 5 functions of the blood? - Ans:-1) transportation of dissolved gases (O2 & CO2), nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, hormones, wastes, & waters of metabolically active cells ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/27 2) regulation of pH & ion composition within extracellular fluids 3) regulation of fluid loss through damaged vessels (the clotting mechanism) 4) defense against toxins & pathogens 5) stabilize body temperature How does blood stabilize the body temperature? - Ans:-The body stabilizes body temperature by absorbing heat generated by active skeletal muscles & redistributing it to other tissues. If body temp. is too high, heat will be lost across the surface of skin. If body temp. is too low, warm blood is directed to the brain & other temperature-sensitive organs. Why is maintenance of body pH crucial to body function? - Ans:-The maintenance of body pH is crucial to body function because diffusion between interstitial fluids & blood eliminates local deficiencies or excesses of ions (calcium or phosphate). It also absorbs & neutralizes metabolic acids generated by active tissues. What are formed elements in the blood? - Ans:-the cellular portion ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/27 Why is blood a special connective tissue? - Ans:-Blood is a special connective tissue because it is a unique fluid connective tissue composed of 3 components (cellular, ground substance, & fibers). In blood, the cellular portion is the formed elements; the ground substance is the serum; and the fiber component is the plasma proteins found in solution (instead of the insoluble fibers found in most CT). What are the components of whole blood? - Ans:-plasma & cells What are the components of plasma? - Ans:-serum & plasma proteins What color is plasma? - Ans:-light yellow What is similar to plasma, but lacks the plasma proteins (will not coagulate because of this)? - Ans:- serum ______ will coagulate. _____ will not coagulate. - Ans:-Plasma; serum If whole blood is fractionated, what is the percentage of formed elements to plasma? - Ans:-- 45% consists of cells or formed elements - 55% consists of plasma What is the normal temperature of blood? - Ans:-100.4 F or 38 C What is the normal blood volume in males and in females? - Ans:-males = 5.0-6.0 liters females = 4.5-5.5 liters ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/27 What is fluid's resistance to flow? - Ans:-viscosity Pure water has a viscosity of ____. Blood has a viscosity of _____. - Ans:-1; 5 Blood is how many times thicker than water? - Ans:-5x What is the average pH of blood? - Ans:-7.4 (slightly alkaline) How much of plasma is water? - Ans:-92% How much of plasma is protein? - Ans:-7% What percentage of plasma proteins is albumin? - Ans:-60% What percentage of plasma proteins is globulin? - Ans:-35% What percentage of plasma proteins is fibrinogen? - Ans:-4% Which plasma protein functions is promoting water retention in the blood by maintaining osmotic balance? - Ans:-albumin Which plasma protein is important in the transport of fats, vitamins, & hormone in the blood? - Ans:- transport globulins Which plasma protein is produced by plasma cells to help prevent disease? - Ans:-immunoglobulins (antibodies) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/27 Which plasma protein is essential for blood clotting? - Ans:-fibrinogen Where are most plasma proteins synthesized? - Ans:-the liver synthesizes 90% What are the major electrolytes found in plasma? - Ans:-Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, & SO42- What is the difference in composition between blood plasma & interstitial fluids? - Ans:-1) Plasma has an increased concentration of proteins (proteins cannot cross the blood vessel wall because of their large size and globular shape). 2) Levels of respiratory gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) differ due to respiratory activities of tissue cells. What is the percentage of formed elements in a sample of whole blood? - Ans:-hematocrit What is the normal hematocrit in males and in females? - Ans:-males = 47% females = 42% Why is the hematocrit different in males versus females? - Ans:-Because of testosterone in males that stimulate red blood cell production & estrogen in females that does not stimulate red blood cell production. What is the percentage of RBCs in the formed elements? - Ans:-99.9% ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/27 What is the percentage of WBCs in the formed elements? - Ans:-0.1% What is the percentage of platelets in the formed elements? - Ans:-0.1% Describe the morphology (shape/structure) of a platelet. - Ans:-Platelets are small, membrane- bound fragments that contain enzymes & other substance important for clotting. What is the formation of blood cells? - Ans:-hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis) Where does hemopoiesis occur in the body? - Ans:-red bone marrow What is an uncommitted embryonic cell found in the red bone marrow (bone stem cell)? - Ans:- hemocytoblast What occurs to blood cells in the process of maturation in becoming a committed mature cell (what happens to the size of the cell, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm)? - Ans:-- Cells destined to become RBCs first differentiate into proerythroblasts. - Proerythroblasts then differentiate into various stages of cells called erythroblasts, which actively synthesize hemoglobin. Erythroblasts are named according