©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
BIO 252 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Homologous chromosomes - Ans:✔✔-Chromosomes that pair durng meiosis and are identical with
respect to their genetic loci and centromere placement. Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs, one
from the mother and one from the father.
Diploid - Ans:✔✔-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Haploid - Ans:✔✔-having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Mitosis - Ans:✔✔-cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of
chromosomes. Produces two identical daughter cells.
Meoisis - Ans:✔✔-The process in which one sex cell divides into four new sex cells, each one being
unique and haploid.
If we are referring to a trait for coat color in dogs and the dog looks black, this is the dog's _______> If ou
are the told the dog has two different alleles, B/b, then this is the dog's _____________. - Ans:✔✔-
Phenotype, genotype
Page 1/69
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
If you could build a protein with 10 amino acids, and any amino acid could be at each position, how
many variations are possible? - Ans:✔✔-10^10 variations.
What is the central dogma of molecular biology? - Ans:✔✔-DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Structure and function are linked in proteins. What happens to the structure of hemoglobin when the B-
globin gene has a mutation that changes a codon from GAG to GUG? - Ans:✔✔-When the blood O2
concentration is low, the hemoglobin form long chains which distort the shapes of red blood cells
When a gene from a bacterium is inserted into a corn plant, we would call this corn plant a ______
organism. - Ans:✔✔-Transgenic
repetitive DNA - Ans:✔✔-Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a
eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and
dispersed in the genome.
It is also known as heterochromatin and is found concentrated in telomeres and centromeres.
highly repetitive DNA - Ans:✔✔-DNA that consists of short sequences that are present in hundreds of
thousands to millions of copies; clustered in certain regions of chromosomes.
Tend to be clustered in heterochromatic regions flanking centromeres and telomeres.
Contains satellite DNA.
Page 2/69
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Satellite DNA - Ans:✔✔-Short sequences of DNA that are tandemly repeated as many as 10 million times
in the DNA; much of it is located in the telomeres and centromere
Differs from main band DNA in its molecular composition.
It is only in eukaryotes
Heterochromatin - Ans:✔✔-Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and
is generally not transcribed. It is tightly compacted around histones.
What are in middle repetitive DNA? - Ans:✔✔-Tandem repeats and interspered retrotransposons
What are SINES and LINES? - Ans:✔✔-Either short or long stretches of DNA which shows up in multiple
locations on a chromosome. May be viral in nature and said to possible trace back to ancient
retrotransposons..
SINES have less than 500 base pairs
LINES have as many as 6500
Both are interspersed throughout the genome and make up over 1/3 of the genome
VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) - Ans:✔✔-tandem (next to each other) repeats of a short
DNA sequence (9 to 80 base pairs) with varying numbers of repeats among individuals.
These are also known as mini satellites
Page 3/69
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
STRs (short tandem repeats) - Ans:✔✔-Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short nucleotide
sequences that are repeated in tandem,
Consist of 2-5 nucleotides
Can repeat anywhere between 5-50 times
Also known as microsatellites
mini satellites - Ans:✔✔-clusters of VNTRs
transposable sequences - Ans:✔✔-mobile DNA sequences that can potentially move to different
locations within the genome
CEN region (centromere) - Ans:✔✔-the minimal region of the centromere that supports the functoin of
chromosomal segregation
Chromatid - Ans:✔✔-one half of a duplicated chromosome
Chromatin - Ans:✔✔-Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled
around histones
How many histones are in a nucleosome? - Ans:✔✔-8 (2 of each type)
What is a solenoid? - Ans:✔✔-A ring of 6 nucleosomes
Page 4/69
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
BIO 252 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Homologous chromosomes - Ans:✔✔-Chromosomes that pair durng meiosis and are identical with
respect to their genetic loci and centromere placement. Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs, one
from the mother and one from the father.
Diploid - Ans:✔✔-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Haploid - Ans:✔✔-having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Mitosis - Ans:✔✔-cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of
chromosomes. Produces two identical daughter cells.
Meoisis - Ans:✔✔-The process in which one sex cell divides into four new sex cells, each one being
unique and haploid.
If we are referring to a trait for coat color in dogs and the dog looks black, this is the dog's _______> If ou
are the told the dog has two different alleles, B/b, then this is the dog's _____________. - Ans:✔✔-
Phenotype, genotype
Page 1/69
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
If you could build a protein with 10 amino acids, and any amino acid could be at each position, how
many variations are possible? - Ans:✔✔-10^10 variations.
What is the central dogma of molecular biology? - Ans:✔✔-DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Structure and function are linked in proteins. What happens to the structure of hemoglobin when the B-
globin gene has a mutation that changes a codon from GAG to GUG? - Ans:✔✔-When the blood O2
concentration is low, the hemoglobin form long chains which distort the shapes of red blood cells
When a gene from a bacterium is inserted into a corn plant, we would call this corn plant a ______
organism. - Ans:✔✔-Transgenic
repetitive DNA - Ans:✔✔-Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a
eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and
dispersed in the genome.
It is also known as heterochromatin and is found concentrated in telomeres and centromeres.
highly repetitive DNA - Ans:✔✔-DNA that consists of short sequences that are present in hundreds of
thousands to millions of copies; clustered in certain regions of chromosomes.
Tend to be clustered in heterochromatic regions flanking centromeres and telomeres.
Contains satellite DNA.
Page 2/69
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Satellite DNA - Ans:✔✔-Short sequences of DNA that are tandemly repeated as many as 10 million times
in the DNA; much of it is located in the telomeres and centromere
Differs from main band DNA in its molecular composition.
It is only in eukaryotes
Heterochromatin - Ans:✔✔-Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and
is generally not transcribed. It is tightly compacted around histones.
What are in middle repetitive DNA? - Ans:✔✔-Tandem repeats and interspered retrotransposons
What are SINES and LINES? - Ans:✔✔-Either short or long stretches of DNA which shows up in multiple
locations on a chromosome. May be viral in nature and said to possible trace back to ancient
retrotransposons..
SINES have less than 500 base pairs
LINES have as many as 6500
Both are interspersed throughout the genome and make up over 1/3 of the genome
VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) - Ans:✔✔-tandem (next to each other) repeats of a short
DNA sequence (9 to 80 base pairs) with varying numbers of repeats among individuals.
These are also known as mini satellites
Page 3/69
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
STRs (short tandem repeats) - Ans:✔✔-Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short nucleotide
sequences that are repeated in tandem,
Consist of 2-5 nucleotides
Can repeat anywhere between 5-50 times
Also known as microsatellites
mini satellites - Ans:✔✔-clusters of VNTRs
transposable sequences - Ans:✔✔-mobile DNA sequences that can potentially move to different
locations within the genome
CEN region (centromere) - Ans:✔✔-the minimal region of the centromere that supports the functoin of
chromosomal segregation
Chromatid - Ans:✔✔-one half of a duplicated chromosome
Chromatin - Ans:✔✔-Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled
around histones
How many histones are in a nucleosome? - Ans:✔✔-8 (2 of each type)
What is a solenoid? - Ans:✔✔-A ring of 6 nucleosomes
Page 4/69
