©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Bio 252 Exam 4 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
what organs compose the urinary system - Ans:✔✔-2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the urinary bladder and urethra
what are some functions of the kidneys - Ans:✔✔-- filter blood plasma and excrete metabolic toxic waste
- regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output
-regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance of body-fluids
-secretes the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells and thus
supports the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
-help to regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in calcitriol synthesis
-they clear hormones and drugs from blood
-the detoxify free radicals
-they help to support the blood glucose levels under extreme conditions
waste - Ans:✔✔-any substance that is useless to body or present in excess of the body's needs
Page 1/48
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
metabolic waste - Ans:✔✔-a waste substance produced by the body
what are the four types of nitrogenous wastes - Ans:✔✔-urea, ammonia, uric acid, and creatinine
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Ans:✔✔-the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood
an elevated BUN is called ______ - Ans:✔✔-azotemia
Azotemia can progress to ____, which is a syndrome of nitrogenous waste toxicity - Ans:✔✔-uremia
excretion - Ans:✔✔-a process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them from the
body.
what four organ systems carry out excretion - Ans:✔✔-respiratory, integumentary, digestive, and urinary
___ system excretes CO2, small amounts of gases, and water - Ans:✔✔-respiratory
____ system excretes water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat - Ans:✔✔-integumentary
____ system eliminates food residue and excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, and bile pigments - Ans:✔✔-
digestive
____ system excretes metabolic wastes, drugs, toxins, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water -
Ans:✔✔-urinary
Page 2/48
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
the surface of the kidnety has a concave slit called _____ which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels,
lymphatics, and ureter - Ans:✔✔-hilum
what are the three protective layers of kidney - Ans:✔✔-renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous
capsule
A fibrous ____ binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall. - Ans:✔✔-renal fascia
____ is a layer of adipose tissue that cushions the kidney and holds it in place - Ans:✔✔-perirenal fat
capsule
the ____ encloses the kidney ans protects the kidney from trauma and infection. - Ans:✔✔-fibrous
capsule
renal parenchyma - Ans:✔✔-glandular tissue that forms the urine
what are the two zones of the parenchyma - Ans:✔✔-renal cortex and renal medulla
extensions of the renal cortex are called ___ - Ans:✔✔-renal columns
the columns divide the kidney into _____ - Ans:✔✔-renal pyramids
the blunt point of the renal pyramid is called ___ - Ans:✔✔-renal papilla
the papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled in a cup called a ____ which collects urine - Ans:✔✔-minor
calyx
Page 3/48
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
two or three minor calyces converge to form ____ - Ans:✔✔-major calyx
two or three major calyces converge in the sinus to form ____ - Ans:✔✔-renal pelvis
renal fraction - Ans:✔✔-the kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output (more for waste removal
than for metabolic needs)
the renal artery divides into ____ arteries which divide into ____ arteries - Ans:✔✔-segmental;
interlobar
the interlobar arteries branch to form ____ arteries which then branches into ___ arteries - Ans:✔✔-
arcuate; cortical radiate
the cortical radiate arteries give rise to _____ - Ans:✔✔-afferent arterioles
each afferent arteriole supplies one functional unit of the kidney called a ___ - Ans:✔✔-nephron
the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of capillaries called _____. - Ans:✔✔-glomerulus
blood leaves the glomerulus by way of an ___- - Ans:✔✔-efferent arteriole
the efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of _____ . It forms a network around a part of the nephron called
the renal tubule. - Ans:✔✔-peritubular capillaries
Page 4/48
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Bio 252 Exam 4 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
what organs compose the urinary system - Ans:✔✔-2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the urinary bladder and urethra
what are some functions of the kidneys - Ans:✔✔-- filter blood plasma and excrete metabolic toxic waste
- regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output
-regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance of body-fluids
-secretes the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells and thus
supports the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
-help to regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in calcitriol synthesis
-they clear hormones and drugs from blood
-the detoxify free radicals
-they help to support the blood glucose levels under extreme conditions
waste - Ans:✔✔-any substance that is useless to body or present in excess of the body's needs
Page 1/48
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
metabolic waste - Ans:✔✔-a waste substance produced by the body
what are the four types of nitrogenous wastes - Ans:✔✔-urea, ammonia, uric acid, and creatinine
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Ans:✔✔-the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood
an elevated BUN is called ______ - Ans:✔✔-azotemia
Azotemia can progress to ____, which is a syndrome of nitrogenous waste toxicity - Ans:✔✔-uremia
excretion - Ans:✔✔-a process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them from the
body.
what four organ systems carry out excretion - Ans:✔✔-respiratory, integumentary, digestive, and urinary
___ system excretes CO2, small amounts of gases, and water - Ans:✔✔-respiratory
____ system excretes water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat - Ans:✔✔-integumentary
____ system eliminates food residue and excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, and bile pigments - Ans:✔✔-
digestive
____ system excretes metabolic wastes, drugs, toxins, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water -
Ans:✔✔-urinary
Page 2/48
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
the surface of the kidnety has a concave slit called _____ which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels,
lymphatics, and ureter - Ans:✔✔-hilum
what are the three protective layers of kidney - Ans:✔✔-renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous
capsule
A fibrous ____ binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall. - Ans:✔✔-renal fascia
____ is a layer of adipose tissue that cushions the kidney and holds it in place - Ans:✔✔-perirenal fat
capsule
the ____ encloses the kidney ans protects the kidney from trauma and infection. - Ans:✔✔-fibrous
capsule
renal parenchyma - Ans:✔✔-glandular tissue that forms the urine
what are the two zones of the parenchyma - Ans:✔✔-renal cortex and renal medulla
extensions of the renal cortex are called ___ - Ans:✔✔-renal columns
the columns divide the kidney into _____ - Ans:✔✔-renal pyramids
the blunt point of the renal pyramid is called ___ - Ans:✔✔-renal papilla
the papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled in a cup called a ____ which collects urine - Ans:✔✔-minor
calyx
Page 3/48
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
two or three minor calyces converge to form ____ - Ans:✔✔-major calyx
two or three major calyces converge in the sinus to form ____ - Ans:✔✔-renal pelvis
renal fraction - Ans:✔✔-the kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output (more for waste removal
than for metabolic needs)
the renal artery divides into ____ arteries which divide into ____ arteries - Ans:✔✔-segmental;
interlobar
the interlobar arteries branch to form ____ arteries which then branches into ___ arteries - Ans:✔✔-
arcuate; cortical radiate
the cortical radiate arteries give rise to _____ - Ans:✔✔-afferent arterioles
each afferent arteriole supplies one functional unit of the kidney called a ___ - Ans:✔✔-nephron
the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of capillaries called _____. - Ans:✔✔-glomerulus
blood leaves the glomerulus by way of an ___- - Ans:✔✔-efferent arteriole
the efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of _____ . It forms a network around a part of the nephron called
the renal tubule. - Ans:✔✔-peritubular capillaries
Page 4/48
