Final Exam A&P 2 Bio 252 Questions and Answers

Final Exam A&P 2 Bio 252 Questions and Answers What are the two components of a nephron? - Ans:-1. Renal corpuscle 2. Renal tubule What is the function of the renal corpuscle? - Ans:-Renal corpuscle filters blood plasma What is the function of the renal tubule? - Ans:-Renal tubule refines the filtered fluid (filtrate) into urine Identify the components of a nephron and their functions. - Ans:-Renal corpuscle: filters blood plasma Renal tubule: refines the filtered fluid (filtrate) into urine Identify the components of the renal tubule. - Ans:-Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Nephron loop (loop of Henle), Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Identify the cells that produce insulin. - Ans:-Beta cells or B cells of the pancreatic islets Identify the cells that produce calcitonin. - Ans:-parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/16 Identify the stimulus for release of insulin. - Ans:-high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) Identify the cells that produce glucagon. - Ans:-alpha cells (A cells) of the pancreatic islets Identify the stimulus for release of glucagon. - Ans:-Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) Identify the enzyme that is involved in the pathways of external and internal respiration and the reaction that it catalyzes - Ans:-carbonic anhydrase and it catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid Identify the methods of carbon dioxide transport within blood - Ans:-1. Dissolved carbon dioxide 2. carbamino compounds 3. bicarbonate ions Identify the methods of oxygen transport within blood. - Ans:-1. dissolved oxygen 2. oxyhemoglobin Define hypoxia - Ans:-a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level Define hypocapnia - Ans:-deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood Define hypercapnia - Ans:-elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood Identify a potential causes of an elevated basophil count. - Ans:-Basophils elevate during allergic reactions Identify the structure that fails to function properly when a person chokes. - Ans:-epiglottis ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/16 Identify the structure that fails to function properly during the clinical condition of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). - Ans:-lower esophageal sphincter Identify the correct order of the components of the digestive/GI tract from the beginning to the end. - Ans:-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine Identify the components of the small intestine and be able to list them in their correct order. - Ans:- 1st: dudodenum 2nd: jejunum 3rd: ileum Identify the sections of the stomach. - Ans:-cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part Describe the sections of the stomach. - Ans:-Cardia: surrounds the opening of the esophagus. Fundus: superior and to the left of the cardia. Body: inferior to the fundus; large central portion of the stomach. Pyloric part: is made up of 3 parts (pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus) Identify the normal pH range of blood and identify consequences if the blood pH is outside of this normal range. - Ans:-Normal blood pH range 7.35 to 7.45. When blood pH is above 7.45, alkalosis condition. When blood pH is below 7.35, acidosis. Identify the element that allows hemoglobin to bind oxygen. - Ans:-iron Identify factors that can change or alter stroke volume. - Ans:-preload, contractility, afterload ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/16 Describe the relationship each of these factors has to stroke volume (direct or inverse) - Ans:-preload has a direct relationship to stroke volume. Contractility has a direct relationship to stroke volume. Afterload has an inverse relationship to stroke volume. Identify the formed elements found in blood. - Ans:-Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Be able to determine a person's ABO blood type based on the presence of the ABO antibodies in that person's blood. - Ans:-A antigen present = ABO blood type A. B antigen present = ABO blood type B. Both A&B antigen present = ABO blood AB. Neither A or B antigen = O blood type. Identify common wastes products found in urine. - Ans:-urea, ammonia, urobilin, creatinine, uric acid Identify components of plasma. - Ans:-Blood plasma is made up of about 91.5% of