BIO 353 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

BIO 353 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions The Cell - Ans:-Basic unit of life What are the major organelles/structures of a basic eukaryotic animal cell? - Ans:-Nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin (DNA), mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, actin filaments, microtubule, peroxisome, ribosomes in cytosol, intermediate filaments, lysosome, vesicles, centrosome w/ pair of centrioles, plasma membrane, extracellular matrix What are the three major disciplines that are involved in studying cell biology - Ans:-1. Bioimaging - study of cellular structure and organization 2. Biochemistry - study of chemical reactions of biomolecules 3. Molecular biology/genetics - study of interactions and regulation b/w cellular components including DNA, RNA, & protein synthesis What is light microscopy? - Ans:-Uses focused light & lenses to magnify a cell What is the resolution limit of the light microscope? - Ans:-0.2 μm ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/26 Define resolution - Ans:-Measure of the smallest distance 2 structures can be apart & still see them as 2 discrete structures Define magnification - Ans:-A measure of the increase in the diameter of the structure What is one of the major advantages of the basic light microscope? - Ans:-Live-cell imaging Describe how amplitude contrast works - Ans:-It is a form of contrast generated by absorption of selective wavelengths from the visible light spectrum What is required for amplitude contrast to work? - Ans:-Organic dye to color specific regions of cells/tissues Can the cells be alive when using amplitude contrast? - Ans:-No, they have to be dead Describe how phase contrast works - Ans:-It is a form of contrast generated by change of phase as the light travels through different densities of transparent specimen What characteristic/behavior of light is phase contrast based on? - Ans:-Refraction of light - change in direction of light determined by the change in the velocity of propagation when passing through optically transparent media of different refractive indices Who developed phase contrast? - Ans:-Fritz Zernike ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/26 Describe optical tweezers and how they can be used. - Ans:-Instrument that uses a focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force, depending on the refractive index mismatch to physically hold and move microscopic objects Can the cells be alive when using phase contrast? - Ans:-Yes Describe the basic idea of epifluorescence microscopy - Ans:-The use of a fluorescence microscope allows detection of specific proteins or other molecules/ions/organelles that are made fluorescent by coupling them to a fluorochrome marker Explain the steps involved in Indirect Immuno-fluorescence Microscopy - Ans:-1. Cells/tissues are fixed (killed) 2. Exposed to the primary antibody, the antibody binds only to a specific protein it recognizes 3. Exposed to secondary antibody, the antibody binds only to the primary antibody. The secondary antibody is coupled to a fluorochrome marker; thus location of protein in cells/tissues are fluorescently labeled and may be viewed w/ a fluorescence microscope Are the cells alive or dead for Indirect Immuno-fluorescence microscopy. - Ans:-Dead What is GFP and how is it coupled to the proteins in different cellular structures? - Ans:-Green Fluorescent Protein; it is inserted into the protein ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/26 Can other colors of fluorescent proteins be created? - Ans:-Yes: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple Who are the three scientists that are credited with the discovery and development of GFP? - Ans:- Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, & Roger Y. Tsien Are cells alive or dead when using fluorescent dyes? - Ans:-Alive How much did super resolution microscopy increase the resolution of microscopy? - Ans:-Increased from 200 nm to 60 nm What is confocal epifluorescence microscopy? - Ans:-Uses a pinhole to block ou