BBH 311 exam 2 Questions & Answers

According to Faraday & Grunberg (1999), mechanistic animal models have helped to: - ANSWERSDelineate the addictive properties of nicotine What animal model is used to investigate self-administration of nicotine? (Faraday & Grunberg) - ANSWERSFace valid models Which animal model would be best to help scientists model behaviors or biological symptoms associated with human conditions such as schizophrenia, depression or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? (Faraday & Grunberg) - ANSWERSinference According to Faraday & Grunberg (1998), _______________ by a mouse is an indicator of anxiety in humans in an inference model. - ANSWERSLocomotion activity According to Alzoubi et al (2018), the SPS model consisted of what type of stressors? - ANSWERS2 hour restraint, 20 minute forced swim and ether anesthesia How did Alzoubi et al. (2018) asses spatial learning and memory in the rats? - ANSWERSRadial arm water maze As indicated by Alzoubi et al. (2018), the drug pentoxifylline (PTX) acts by ______. - ANSWERSinhibiting phosphodiesterase The neural effects of the stress test in Alzoubi et al. primarily occurred in the _______, which is critical for memory. - ANSWERShippocampus According to Alzoubi et al (2018), where did PTX normalize SPS induced changes? - ANSWERShippocampus In Alzoubi et al (2018), the SPS model of PTSD-like behavior ________ memory impairment, and PTX _______ the impairment. - ANSWERSinduced, prevented As referenced by Alzoubi et al. (2018), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is believed to result from __________. - ANSWERSoxidative stress What is the relationship between epinephrine and memory? - ANSWERSlinear Does adrenaline enhance or inhibit memory? - ANSWERSenhance Where is cortisol released from? - ANSWERSadrenal cortex The HPA is a positive feedback system - ANSWERSfalse Multidisciplinary research - ANSWERSworking side by side interdisciplinary research - ANSWERSblurring disciplinary boundaries Transdisciplinary research - ANSWERStranscending disciplinary boundaries Translational research - ANSWERScoming full circle Which of the following are categories of "Modern" Universities? - ANSWERS- humanities - social sciences - natural sciences BBH differs from Biology, Psychology, Sociology, and Epidemiology because it is an integrated approach to studying the science behind health. - ANSWERStrue Which of the following statements best describes the overall message of the video shown in today's class (3/5/21)? - ANSWERSthe importance of multidisciplinary team for breast cancer treatment In general, multidisciplinary research can lead to innovation - ANSWERSfalse According to the video shown in lecture, we need to solely focus on microbiology when dealing with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). - ANSWERSfalse If _________________ research is the sum of its disciplinary parts or additive process, then _______________ research could be described as a synergistic process. - ANSWERSmultidisciplinary; interdisciplinary __________________ research can lead to innovation whereas _______________ research does not. - ANSWERSinterdisciplinary; multidisciplinary Which research approach is "transformative" and" transcends" discipline boundaries? - ANSWERStransisciplinary Why is networking important for the transdisciplinary approach - ANSWERS- to share ideas - to share perspectives - to meet with and listen to new people Transdisciplinary science includes which of the following? - ANSWERS- patients - scientists - policy makers All of the following EXCEPT _____________ are animal research models presented by Faraday & Grunberg (1999) and discussed in class? - ANSWERShealth behavior model research models presented: - face valid model - inference model - mechanistic model According to lecture and Faraday & Grunberg (1999), which type of animal research model is best to infer biological or behavioral processes related to humans? - ANSWERSinference model T/F: According to lecture, quality of animal research is dependent on the quality of care we provide and the ethical treatment we value with the animal subjects. - ANSWERStrue According to McEwen (2017), the following situations would be classified as "eustress" (select all that apply): Correct! - ANSWERS- watching your favorite sports team play in overtime during the championship game - birth of a child As indicated by McEwen (2017), elevated _____ activity is implicated in stress-induced remodeling of dendrites. - ANSWERSglutamatergic According to McEwen (2017), within the prefrontal cortex, chronic stress causes ______ neurons to show debranching and shrinkage of dendrites, whereas ______ neurons show expansion of dendrites. - ANSWERSmedial PFC; orbitofrontal cortical As stated in McEwen (2017), it is possible that expanded dendrites are related to _____, and dendritic shrinkage is associated with _____. - ANSWERSincreased vigilance; cognitive rigidity According to McEwen (2017), the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) under stress has provided crucial information for which of the following? - ANSWERS- age-related loss of resilience - age-related impaired memory - effects of circadian disruption According to McEwen (2017), immune enhancement is always good for promoting health. - ANSWERSfalse According to McEwen (2017), children of depressed mothers have shown increased _____ volume, while _____ volume was unaffected. These findings were based on a longterm study. - ANSWERSamygdala; hippocampal According to Klein & Corwin (2002), which hormone is directly correlated with the "Tend-And-Befriend" Stress Response? - ANSWERSoxytocin According to Klein & Corwin (2002), sex differences in diagnosis of psychiatric disorders may be due to _________. - ANSWERS- differences in stress coping strategies - different manifestations of the disorder - hormonal differences According to Klein & Corwin (2002), one observation that may explain the low rate of fear-related behaviors among female rats is that: - ANSWERSfemale rats spent their observation time climbing into one another's cages until the females were in a singular cage Why is it important to include the general community in animal care and use committees? - ANSWERS- improved transparency - an outside opinion - "gut" reaction/ unbiased opinion True or False? Every aspect of a potential research project using animals must be carefully examined and uses the fewest animals possible if approved - ANSWERStrue True or false? Research animals are bred specifically for research. - ANSWERStrue Which of the following is not one of the 3 R's discussed in class? - ANSWERSrecycle the 3 R's: - reduce - replace - refine What is PTX - ANSWERSantioxidant What does it mean if the PTX+ stress group does not differ in learning memory from the control group? - ANSWERSintervention did not have statistically significant effect What is the operational definition of memory/intelligence in a rat (Alzoubi)? - ANSWERSradial arm water maze Multidisciplinary approach definition - ANSWERSEveryone working on the same problem within silo boundaries of own disciplines under their assumptions and restrictions - outcomes add to the body of knowledge - little innovation due to the fixed philosophy and work in isolation from others disciplines Interdisciplinary approach definition - ANSWERSeveryone working on the same problem with overlapping disciplinary boundaries blending of assumptions and restrictions - outcomes add to the body of knowledge and give theoretical solutions to problems - some innovation due to flexible philosophy and work influence by other disciplines - cooperation yields disruptive innovation. collaboration yields cocreative innovation Transdisciplinary approach definition - ANSWERSEveryone working on the same problem by transcending disciplinary boundaries drawing on non-traditional perspectives cross fertilizing assumptions/restrictions resolving contradictory points of view - outcomes add to the body of knowledge and provide practical solutions to problems - lots of innovation due to open philosophy and work transformed by other disciplines - results in improved theories or models, new invented methods or techniques, novel synergy of systems or structures and innovative thinking or technologies Transdisciplinary research continued - ANSWERSTransdisciplinary process can: - be transformative - yield innovative solutions to complex health problems - process goes beyond disciplinary boundaries and walls of university to find innovative answers to common research questions - researchers from different disciplines work jointly to develop and use a shared conceptual framework that goes beyond disciplinary theories, methods, concepts, and approaches - conceptual framework is used to create- innovate- new approaches to solving a common problem there are NO boundaries; this means the potential approaches, methods, and solutions are infinite Multi- and Inter-disciplinary research limitations - ANSWERS- disruption in the innovative process - interdisciplinary collaboration can yield some innovation, but team research process is somewhat inhibited by the remaining disciplinary boundaries Comparison of approaches - ANSWERSif multidisciplinary research is additive and interdisciplinary research is synergistic then transdisciplinary research is holistic and outcome is a completely different entity: Multi= 2+2= 4 Inter= 2+2=5 Trans= 2+2= blue Transdisciplinary science centers: - ANSWERS- commitment to team science - inclusion of patients in the process - transcend tradition of housing collaborators in single location - incorporate researchers and clinicians across multiple universities and medical centers Transdisciplinary research potential barriers - ANSWERSnecessarily expensive in time, personnel, money, professional commitment Translational research: coming full circle - ANSWERSbrings transdisciplinary research full circle by: - moving basic resarch findings into public sector - engaging individuals such as policy makers and patients in the process Translational research has 4 essential steps - ANSWERST1. transfer of basic scientific discoveries in the laboratory into the development of potential new treatments, screenings, or preventative measures T2. translates new developments into everyday clinical practices and healthcare decision making T3. translates clinical findings to develop new research questions and inform other translational goals (such as moving evidence based clinical findings out in to the community) T4. the final step: evaluates the success of the new findings in every day society (some scholars use the terms "bench to bedside" to describe this translation) the important concept with translational research is that the process continues to inform further research thus brining the work full circle T1 required expertise and a skillset in basic science, including molecular biology, genetics T2, T3 and T4 require different sets of skills that implement step 1 findings into population-based interventions and community settings Challenges to Translational research - ANSWERSin the US, much financial support for T1: - discovery phase, such as drug development, understanding brain mechanisms, cellular-based changes in diseases - scientists argue that expanding T2 based research is a transdisciplinary process that can be transformative in our understanding of health and wellness - issue of translational, transformative research has become a primary focus of the primary findings of health-related research in the united states- the national institutes of health Multidisciplinary research = - ANSWERSdisciplines were merging to create new scientific fields: - bioinformatics - nanotechnology - biobehavioral health Multidisciplinary treatment approach - ANSWERS- individuals within multidisciplinary teams work within disciplinary "silos" to contribute their expertise - net result is a group that works well together to solve or treat a common problem - however, individuals continue to work within their silos with their associated scientific approaches to solving research questions comparing levels - ANSWERSdisciplinary scientists: - what causes breast cancer? - work independently multidisciplinary scientists: - "rub elbows" with one another - work side by side - shared scientific question or treatment Interdisciplinary research: - ANSWERSinvolves integration and synthesis of discipline- specific methods, knowledge, approaches, theories, concepts, techniques, to "advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems that are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice" - disciplinary boundaries still exist - "interdisciplines"- BBH, biochemistry, psycholinguistics, social psychology, biochemistry- still maintain boundaries to some extent - epigenetics - investigates hertiable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence - grew out of disciplinary fields such as developmental biology, cellular biology, and genetics If you think of disciplines as organs= - ANSWERStrue interdisciplinary is something like blood. it flows. it is a liquid. it is not contained. there is no inside and outside Biobehavioral Health - ANSWERSdesigned to integrate biological, behavioral, psychological, socio-cultural, and environmental approaches to the study of the science behind health Medieval university - ANSWERSTrivium: place where three roads meet Quadrivium: - arithmetic (math) - geometry (numbers in space) - astronomy (numbers in space and time) Trivium and quadrivium -- 7 liberal arts of ancient greece and rome Enlightment period - ANSWERS- emergence of "polymath" scholars - spanned multiple disciplines "renaissance men" - da vinci - bacon - descartes expansive knowledge of science, philosophy, theology Modern universities - ANSWERS- house multiple disciplines broad range of categories: - humanities (history, language, visual arts, religion) - social sciences (anthropology, psychology, sociology) - natural sciences (biology, chemistry, space sciences) - formal sciences (mathematics, systems science, computer science) - professions and applied sciences (agriculture, engineering, forestry, library, and museum sciences Disciplinary research - ANSWERSinvolves choosing from upward of a dozen or so specialized methods to study a particular phenomenon