BNNS501 First Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

BNNS501 First Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Infection - Ans:-An invasion of a pathogenic microbe causing symptoms Incubation Period - Ans:-Interval between entry of pathogen and appearance of first symptoms Prodromal Stage - Ans:-Interval from onset of non-specific symptoms and signs Illness Stage - Ans:-Patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to infection. Maximum pathogen multiplication. Convalescence - Ans:-Acute symptoms disappear. Pathogen load is declining but still present and active Mechanism of Action - Ans:-How it damages cells/tissues (direct damage, interfering metabolism) Infectivity - Ans:-Ability to invade and multiply Pathogenicity - Ans:-Ability to produce disease, impacted by reproduction rate and extent of tissue damage ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/13 Virulence - Ans:-Potency of the pathogen Immunogenicity - Ans:-Ability to induce an immune response Toxigenicity - Ans:-Helps determine the virulence (how much toxin it produces) Acute Lytic Infection - Ans:-Cold, Mumps and Influenza Subclinical Infection - Ans:-No recognisable signs and symptoms Latent Infection - Ans:-Patient makes an apparent recovery, but virus has not been completely eliminated Chronic Infection - Ans:-Virus remains in the host- production of new viruses is at a low level but continuous Normal Flora - Ans:-Microorganisms that are normally found inhabiting our body Transient Flora - Ans:-Microorganisms that temporarily inhabit or do not normally inhabit our body Keratinocytes - Ans:-Produce Keratin which protects from heat, microbes and chemicals Melanocytes - Ans:-Produce and process Melanin which absorbs UV Merkel Cell - Ans:-Detects light, touch etc ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/13 Langehern Cell - Ans:-Ingest unwanted invaders Active Transport - Ans:-Substances move across the membrane against their concentration gradients with the input of ATP energy Aerobic Respiration - Ans:-The most efficient method of ATP production that uses Oxygen. Produces around 30 ATP molecules Anabolism - Ans:-Building larger molecules from smaller molecules Anaerobic Respiration - Ans:-ATP production method when insufficient oxygen available. Only produces 2 molecules of ATP ATP - Ans:-Temporary energy storage in cells, energy released by breaking bond of third phosphate Catabolism - Ans:-Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules Cell Membrane - Ans:-Covers the cytoplasm of the cell and controls cellular movement, connects cells and allows cells to recognise each other Connective Tissue - Ans:-Tissue that binds tissues together, supports and strengthens and insulates some internal organs Endocytosis - Ans:-Materials move into the cell via membrane vesicles Epithelial Tissue - Ans:-Tissue type that covers most internal and external organs ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/13 Exocytosis - Ans:-Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to release contents out of the cell Facilitated Diffusion - Ans:-Protein carriers move specific molecules across the membrane down their concentration gradients Filtration - Ans:-Movement of fluids and dissolved substances across the membrane by force of hydrostatic pressure Membrane Pumps - Ans:-Push substances against their gradients across the membrane Metabolism - Ans:-Refers to all chemical reactions that occurs in the body. Contribute to homeostasis by harvesting chemical energy Muscle Tissue - Ans:-Tissue types that generate the force required to make a structure move Nervous Tissue - Ans:-Tissue type that rapidly regulates and integrates activities in the body Osmosis - Ans:-The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration Passive transport - Ans:-Substance move across the membrane without the input of ATP energy Phagocytosis - Ans:-The endocytosis of solid particles (cell eating) Phospholipid - Ans:-Makes up the bilayer membrane. has a polar/ hydrophilic head and non- polar/hydrophobic tail ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/13 Phospholipid Bilayer - Ans:-Selectively permeable cell membrane that allows the movement of certain substances in and out of the cell Pinocytosis - Ans:-The endocytosis of fluids (cell drinking) Simple Diffusion - Ans:-The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration until an equilibrium is reached Afferent Neurons - Ans:-Take information into the Central Nervous System (arriving) Astrocytes - Ans:-Neuroglia that brace neurons and help to create the blood-brain barrier Chemical Synapse - Ans:-Synapse that involves a chemical transmitter moving between the pre and post-synaptic neurons CNS - Ans:-Central Nervous System. Brain and Spinal cord integrate and regulate information Continuous Conduction - Ans:-Progressive, gradual nerve impulse along an unmyelinated axon Depolarisation - Ans:-Phase of an action potential where Sodium Ions are moving into the cell causing the membrane potential to become more positive Efferent Neurons - Ans:-Take information away from the Ce