BNNS502 exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

BNNS502 exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions describe the location and function of the scrotum - state the specific function of the cremaster & dartos muscles - Ans:-location - outside of the pelvic cavity at the root of the penis function - regulate the temperature of the testes cremaster - is a muscle that pulls testes closer to the pelvic floor (to the warmth of the body) in cold conditions dartos muscles - are muscles that contracts & wrinkles the scrotum (decreasing surface area for heat loss) in cold conditions state the 3 functions of the Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells - Ans:-1. supports & provides nutrients for cells while they undergo meiosis & develop into sperm 2. produce testicular fluid for transport of sperm 3. control release of sperm into lumen of the seminiferous tubule ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/30 define spermatogenesis (include the specific cells) - Ans:-definition - the formation of sperm by meiosis spermatogenic cells - produce sperm cells sustentacular cells - nourish developing sperm interstitial cells - secrete testosterone describe the specific functions of the acrosome, mitochondria & tail of the sperm cell - Ans:- acrosome - cap-like vesicle containing enzymes to help sperm penetrate the secondary oocyte midpiece - contains mitochondria which provide energy so the tail can propel the sperm tail - propels the sperm name the hormones involved in spermatogenesis beginning from the hypothalamus - state 3 functions of testosterone - Ans:-hypothalamus - increases secretion of GnRH GnRH - stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete LH & FSH LH - stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone FSH - stimulates spermatogenesis ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/30 testosterone - controls the growth, development, functioning, & maintenance of sex organs, stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics during puberty, & stimulates sperm maturation, bone growth, & protein synthesis describe the location of and 3 functions of the epididymis - Ans:-1. site for sperm to mature & gain mobility 2. stores sperm 3. propels sperm into ductus deferens state the function of the Ductus (vas) deferens) - Ans:-transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis name the structures located in the spermatic cord - Ans:-testicular blood vessels, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, ductus deferens, & cremaster muscle describe the location and state the function of; the seminal vesicles, the ejaculatory duct, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands - Ans:-seminal vesicles - along the back of the bladder, add alkaline viscous fluid to sperm ejaculatory duct - superior aspect of the prostate gland, ejects sperm & seminal vesicle secretions into the urethra ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/30 prostate gland - encircles urethra & just inferior to the urinary bladder, contracts during ejaculation squeezing glandular secretions into the urethra bulbourethral glands - beneath the prostate gland & beginning of the penis, produces an alkaline mucus that drains into the urethra & lubricates the male urethra describe the function of the urethra - explain why a male doesn't urinate during ejaculation - Ans:-function - carries urine out of the bladder & propels sperm during ejaculation a smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes preventing urine from entering the urethra & preventing semen entering the urinary bladder describe the pathway of sperm from site of production to exit from the body (name all the structures that the sperm (and semen) pass through) - Ans:-once leaving the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens which then joins with the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct, urethra describe two age related changes that occur in older men - Ans:-1. testosterone levels decrease resulting in decreased muscular strength, fewer viable sperm & decreased sexual desire 2. decrease in hormone production leads to decrease in quantity & quality of sperm describe the changes to the reproductive system that occur with the onset of puberty - Ans:-- scrotum & testes grow larger ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/30 - penis becomes longer and the seminal vesicles and prostate gland grow - development of secondary sex characteristics revise the content & functions of the nucleus - Ans:-- functions; control cellular structure, directs cellular activities, and produces ribosomes - contains; nucleoli and genes define the terms, alleles, homozygous alleles & heterozygous alleles - Ans:-- alleles; alternative versions of a gene - homozygous alleles; identical information for a trait - heterozygous alleles; different information for a trait name & describe the two different types of cell division - include the end of each, the number of chromosomes in each new cell, the location of where the cell division occurs and the type of division that occurs (e.g. mitosis & meiosis) - Ans:-- somatic cell division; aim is to replicate dead or injured cells or add new cells during tissue growth, results in two genetically identical daughter cells, occurs via mitosis & cytokinesis - reproductive cell division; aim is to produce the gamete cells (sperm & oocyte) required for the next generation, results in four genetically variable daughter cells, occurs via meiosis ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/30 explain how genetic variation occurs - Ans:-crossing over during meiosis 1 increases genetic variation by exchanging of genes between homologous chromosome define cancer and the terms malignant & benign tumours - Ans:-cancer - group of diseases that results from uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation malignant - are tumours that undergo metastases (spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body) benign - are tumours that don't metastases name the type of cancer that arises from the following tissues; epithelial, melanocytes, lymphatic, and leukocytes - Ans:-carcinoma - arises from epithelial tissue melanoma - arises from melanocytes lymphoma - arises from lymphatic tissue leukaemia - arises from leukocytes (WBC) state three causes of cancer - Ans:-environment agents (carcinogens), viruses, & genes define the following terms; inheritance, genetics, genotype, phenotype, & mutation - Ans:- inheritance - the passage of hereditary traits from one gene