Biology 116 Mini Exam 1 - Miami University Study Guide with Complete Solutions

Biology 116 Mini Exam 1 - Miami University Study Guide with Complete Solutions Atoms - Ans:-the basic units of matter; made of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-) Isotopes - Ans:-same atoms but different number of neutrons and therefore have a different mass Elements - Ans:-substance made up of one type of atom 95% of Elements Making Up Living Matter - Ans:-carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) 0.5% of Elements Making Up Living Matter - Ans:-phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S) Molecules - Ans:-bonding of different elements; results in different properties than those of the individual elements Covalent Bonds - Ans:-strongest bond type; formed by the sharing of electrons; does not dissolve in water; polar and non-polar; energy needed to break (ex. water) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/9 Ionic Bonds - Ans:-formed by the gain or loss of electrons; form ions: cation (+) and anion (-); dissolves in water; used in DNA; charged atoms are attracted to each other (ex. salt) Hydrogen Bonds - Ans:-weak, but strong in numbers Water (H20) - Ans:-universal solvent due to its polar nature; hydrogen bonds form between water molecules; anything polar will dissolve in water Hydrophilic - Ans:-water loving; true of polar molecules Hydrophobic - Ans:-water fearing; true of non-polar molecules Amphipathic - Ans:-part of the molecule is hydrophilic and part is hydrophobic (ex. proteins) Cohesion - Ans:-water molecules attaching to one another Adhesion - Ans:-water molecules attaching to other molecules Water Properties - Ans:-all caused by hydrogen bonds: -surface tension -cohesion and adhesion -support -dehydration and hydrolysis ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/9 Dehydration - Ans:-removing H2O to create larger polymers Hydrolysis - Ans:-breaking large polymers by adding H2O Organic - Ans:-carbon and hydrogen bonded; abundant in living and formerly living organisms Macromolecules - Ans:-large biological molecules: - carbohydrates - lipids - proteins - nucleic acids Carbon - Ans:-has 4 unpaired elections in the outer shell, allowing it to bond with 4 other molecules; form polar and non-polar bonds Functional Groups - Ans:-side groups bonded to carbon chains; have special characteristics Polymer - Ans:-a chain of repeating, not necessarily identical units Carbohydrates - Ans:-made of C, H, and O [Cn(H2O)n]; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/9 Monosaccharide - Ans:-simplest sugars; very soluble, common energy source; often pentose or hexoses; ring or linear Pentose - Ans:-5 carbon sugar (ex. ribose, deoxyribose) Hexose - Ans:-6 carbon sugar (ex. glucose) Disaccharide - Ans:-2 monosaccharides; made through dehydration (ex. glucose + fructose - H2O = sucrose) Polysaccharide - Ans:-many monosaccharides; role is based on the structure: - long term storage (ex. starch, glycogen) - structure (ex. cellulose) Lipids - Ans:-non-polar, hydrophobic; longterm energy sto