NURS 115 EXAM 4 (Answered) 163
Questions and Correct Answers, 100%
Correct. Latest 2024/2025.
function of glomerulus
producing an "ultrafiltrate of urine" - final copy
-pressure is 2-3x higher than other capillaries
function of loop of henle
controls concentration of water.
reabsorbs water, solutes, necessities via osmosis. What is not needed is excreted.
urinalysis (UA)
PURPOSE: hydration status
-approx. 95% water and 5% fluids
-measures concentration of urine (specific gravity), weight of particles
pH of urinalysis
4.5-8 (avg 6.0)
urine osmolarity (concentration) - "specific gravity"
1.010-1.025
specific gravity high
dehydration (more concentrated urine)
specific gravity low
decreased renal function (unable to concentrate, or too much water intake)
urine abnormals
presence of RBCs, WBCs (infection), bacteria, casts, crystals, protein molecules (pregnancy or
gluomerular problems), glucose (diabetes), ketones (diabetic ketoacidosis), etc.
oliguria
decreased urine output, late sign to a severely reduced cardiac output and resultant renal failure
bilburin in urine indicates....
liver issue, hepatitis, or gallbladder issue
creatinine
,PURPOSE: how are the kidneys functioning?
-reflects GFR
-urine serum levels
-identifies renal problem quicker than BUN
normal range: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
not being in creatinine's normal range of 0.6-1.2 mg/dL can indicate....
if 2x more than normal, renal function is lost.
if 10 mg/dL or more, 90% if renal function is lost
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
PURPOSE: how kidneys are functioning
-taken via blood
-unlike creatinine, levels can be affected by protein intake, GI bleed, and dehydration
how much of the renal function must be gone before BUN is increased?
2/3
normal range for BUN
8.0-20.0 mg/dL
creatinine clearance rate
two ways
1) 24 hr urine - choose a timeframe. keep it over ice or fridge if done at home. draw blood after.
2) two 1-hr urine are collected with blood drawing in between
normal: 100-125 ml/min
cytoscopy
direct visualization of the internal structures
-can show stone formation, biopsies, lesion.
-VERY INVASIVE
ultrasonography
high-frequency sound waves are used to visualize deep structures
-not invasive or patient prepatory needed unlike cytoscopy
radiology studies
CAT scan, flat plate films, IVP, MRI, radioactive imagery
, IVP
dye can make it hard for kidneys to excrete it after radiology studies are completed
RAAS
when kidneys sense a low bp via juxtaglomerular cells, renin is released.
angiotensin - constriction the arterioles
aldosterone is produced, which leads to sodium and water retention
renin release
this enzyme activates angiotensin.
the kidneys signal the cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release this enzyme.
erythropoietin
regulates differentiation of red blood cells in bone marrow
85-95% of it is produced by the kidneys
erythropotein is stimulated by....
anything that causes oxygen deficit such as tissue hypoxia, anemia, heart failure.
diuretics
increase urine volume.
many prevent sodium reabsorption while others prevent water reabsorption
types of diuretics
loop, thiazide, aldosterone antagonist
loop diuretics
exert in the thick ascending loop of Henle.
Not allowed to be reabsorbed. Urine looks more like water.
MEDS: lasix, demadex
thiazide diuretics
prevents reabsorption of NaCl in the distal convoluted tubule
before going to the collecting duct
Can be used for hypertensive patients. Note that they will be losing potassium.
MEDS: HCTZ, maxzide
Questions and Correct Answers, 100%
Correct. Latest 2024/2025.
function of glomerulus
producing an "ultrafiltrate of urine" - final copy
-pressure is 2-3x higher than other capillaries
function of loop of henle
controls concentration of water.
reabsorbs water, solutes, necessities via osmosis. What is not needed is excreted.
urinalysis (UA)
PURPOSE: hydration status
-approx. 95% water and 5% fluids
-measures concentration of urine (specific gravity), weight of particles
pH of urinalysis
4.5-8 (avg 6.0)
urine osmolarity (concentration) - "specific gravity"
1.010-1.025
specific gravity high
dehydration (more concentrated urine)
specific gravity low
decreased renal function (unable to concentrate, or too much water intake)
urine abnormals
presence of RBCs, WBCs (infection), bacteria, casts, crystals, protein molecules (pregnancy or
gluomerular problems), glucose (diabetes), ketones (diabetic ketoacidosis), etc.
oliguria
decreased urine output, late sign to a severely reduced cardiac output and resultant renal failure
bilburin in urine indicates....
liver issue, hepatitis, or gallbladder issue
creatinine
,PURPOSE: how are the kidneys functioning?
-reflects GFR
-urine serum levels
-identifies renal problem quicker than BUN
normal range: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
not being in creatinine's normal range of 0.6-1.2 mg/dL can indicate....
if 2x more than normal, renal function is lost.
if 10 mg/dL or more, 90% if renal function is lost
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
PURPOSE: how kidneys are functioning
-taken via blood
-unlike creatinine, levels can be affected by protein intake, GI bleed, and dehydration
how much of the renal function must be gone before BUN is increased?
2/3
normal range for BUN
8.0-20.0 mg/dL
creatinine clearance rate
two ways
1) 24 hr urine - choose a timeframe. keep it over ice or fridge if done at home. draw blood after.
2) two 1-hr urine are collected with blood drawing in between
normal: 100-125 ml/min
cytoscopy
direct visualization of the internal structures
-can show stone formation, biopsies, lesion.
-VERY INVASIVE
ultrasonography
high-frequency sound waves are used to visualize deep structures
-not invasive or patient prepatory needed unlike cytoscopy
radiology studies
CAT scan, flat plate films, IVP, MRI, radioactive imagery
, IVP
dye can make it hard for kidneys to excrete it after radiology studies are completed
RAAS
when kidneys sense a low bp via juxtaglomerular cells, renin is released.
angiotensin - constriction the arterioles
aldosterone is produced, which leads to sodium and water retention
renin release
this enzyme activates angiotensin.
the kidneys signal the cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release this enzyme.
erythropoietin
regulates differentiation of red blood cells in bone marrow
85-95% of it is produced by the kidneys
erythropotein is stimulated by....
anything that causes oxygen deficit such as tissue hypoxia, anemia, heart failure.
diuretics
increase urine volume.
many prevent sodium reabsorption while others prevent water reabsorption
types of diuretics
loop, thiazide, aldosterone antagonist
loop diuretics
exert in the thick ascending loop of Henle.
Not allowed to be reabsorbed. Urine looks more like water.
MEDS: lasix, demadex
thiazide diuretics
prevents reabsorption of NaCl in the distal convoluted tubule
before going to the collecting duct
Can be used for hypertensive patients. Note that they will be losing potassium.
MEDS: HCTZ, maxzide
