ENGR 482 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

ENGR 482 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Deontology - Ans:-Another word for duty ethics T/F: A conceptual issue is a question about the meaning of a term. - Ans:-True T/F: Disputes over application issues often depend in part on underlying factual issues, conceptual issues, or both. - Ans:-True T/F: Addressing a relevant conceptual issue rarely lends clarity to a moral discussion. - Ans:-False A question about whether a particular situation is an instance of a given concept is an _________ issue. - Ans:-Application T/F: Conceptual issues should always be resolved by consulting a dictionary definition. - Ans:-False Two points about factual issues. - Ans:-1. They can be relevant to a moral problem 2. They can be unknown or controversial ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/23 T/F: Often, apparent moral disagreements turn out to be disagreements over relevant facts. - Ans:- True T/F: The steps taken to resolve a moral agreement usually don't depend on the specifics of the issue. - Ans:-False Important distinctions in utilitarianism - Ans:-1. Act vs rule utilitarianism 2. Expected vs actual consequences 3. Particular acts vs act types T/F: According to the utilitarian calculus, the consequences that an action poses to future generations can outweigh those facing individuals in the present time. - Ans:-True How might a utilitarian respond to a situation in which one is faced with a choice to tell a lie? - Ans:- If the consequences of the lie are on the whole better than those of telling the truth, then lying is the right course of action. What is the essential determiner of moral value for utilitarians? - Ans:-Sentience or self- consciousness T/F: Most contemporary utilitarians think act types, rather than particular acts, should be evaluated morally. - Ans:-False ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/23 T/F: Classic hedonistic act utilitarianism holds that only happiness is good for its own sake and that acts are right insofar as no alternative act could bring about more of this good. - Ans:-True Although Bentham and Mill discussed happiness extensively, they never indicated procedures for how to measure or calculate pleasure and pain. - Ans:-False What is true of preference utilitarianism? - Ans:-1. There will always be cases in which the satisfaction of preferences will not maximize overall happiness 2. What makes something good is the fact that other people's preferences are satisfied 3. Some preference utilitarians restrict moral correctness to "fully-informed" preferences T/F: Kant believed that persons should rely on their emotions in order to develop a sense of duty. - Ans:-False T/F: According to Kantian ethics, an act has moral value when the will is perfectly aligned with duty. - Ans:-True According to Kantian ethics, morality is based on what? - Ans:-The purity of the will In Kant's terminology, the word 'will' means what? - Ans:-A faculty that animates our bodily actions T/F: Kant believed that fundamental moral principles must be fluid to respond to the different situations people encounter. - Ans:-False ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/23 What is true of a maxim? - Ans:-1. It is related to the individual (subjective) 2. It should not admit any situational exceptions 3. It can be used to justify/govern one's actions T/F: A good will is motivated by duty alone, not self-interest, moods, or appetites. - Ans:-True T/F: The will cannot be trained to overcome one's inclinations, such as envy or greed. - Ans:-False T/F: A maxim can contradict the categorical imperative while at the same time be consistent with reason. - Ans:-False T/F: A maxim is a universal principle that governs action. - Ans:-False T/F: The "twenty greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century" were selected by the National Academy of Engineering based on their impact on human quality of life. - Ans:-True What percentage of the NSPE Code of Ethics is considered prohibitive? - Ans:-80% Preventive ethics - Ans:-Seeking to minimize harm that could result from the use of technology T/F: An engineer's duty to confidentiality may ONLY be violated when the law demands it. - Ans:- False (also if there is threat to public safety/health) Whistle-blowing is most extreme form of what? - Ans:-Preventive ethics ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/23 What are two approaches to well-being? - Ans:-Subjectivism and objectivism Subjective Approach to QOL - Ans:-Hedonic approach; Happiness, satisfaction, and pleasure are essential to well-being/quality of life Objectivism - Ans:-Aristotle's Eudiamonic approach; holds that the good life is associated with the self-realization of our potential and not just subjective measures T/F: "Capabilities" refers to the ability of people to engage in certain activities, thereby leading the kind of life they value. - Ans:-True Problems with subjectivism approach - Ans:--People's responses are greatly influenced by outside factors -There may be more to measuring quality of life than just feeling good Problems with objectivism approach - Ans:--Self-realization, meaningful work, and friends