ENGR-482 exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/28 Decisions in Columbia Disaster - Ans:--management denied several requests by different engineering groups for clearer photos of foam impact on shuttle wing -although foam strikes were below performance specifications of the shuttle, management convinced themselves that past successes were an indication that a known defect would not cause problems, instead of deciding the issue on the basis of testing and sound engineering analysis Organizational factors that contributed to the loss of the Columbia: - Ans:-1. characterization of the shuttle as an operational, rather than developmental program 2. schedule pressures 3. organizational barriers preventing effective comm of safety info 4. constrained financial and personnel resources Technical Issues: - Ans:-1. impact of a briefcase-sized piece of foam that destroyed the wing leading edge and the main spar in the left wing 2. defects resulting from a non-optimal design, because the bipod structure and foam application processes were designed separately 3. hot gases entering a breach in the wing leading edge and destroying the structural integrity of the wing Groupthink - Ans:-situation in which groups come to agreement at the expense of critical thinking ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/28 1. illusion of invulnerability 2. shared stereotypes 3. rationalizations (shift responsibility to others) 4. illusion of morality -censorship ion of unanimit- silence of a group member is consent 7. direct pressure 8. mindguarding- prevening intro of dissening views Normalization of Deviance - Ans:-acceptance of anomalies or even increase in the boundaries of acceptable risk, instead of correcting the design or the operating conditions that led to those anomalies Proper Engineering Decision - Ans:-A decision that should be made by engineers or at least governed by professional engineering standards b/c: 1. involved technical matters that require engineering expertise within the ethical standards embodied in engineering codes ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/28 Proper Management Decisions - Ans:-A decision that should be made by managers or at least governed by management considerations b/c: 1. it involves factors relating to the well-being of the organization, such as cost or schedule 2. the decision does not force engineers to make unacceptable technical or ethical compromises disobedience of contrary actions - Ans:-engaging in activities contrary to the interests of the company, as perceived by management: -life style or political views that harms the organizations ex: an engineer's campaign for tighter restrictions on their own company's env. pollution disobedience by nonparticipation - Ans:-refusing to carry out an assignment b/c of moral or professional objections ex: engineers who refuse to design a product due to personal objections to the use of violence disobedience by protest - Ans:-actively and openly protesting a policy or action of an organization ex: whistle-blowing whistleblowing - Ans:-1. one reveals info that the organization does not want revealed to the public or some authority 2. does so w/out approved channels ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/28 internal whistleblowing - Ans:-the alarm about wrongdoing stays within the organization external whistleblowing - Ans:-whistleblower goes outside the organization, alerting a regulatory organization or the press Preamble of NSPE Code of Ethics - Ans:--engineering is an important learned profession. direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all Engineers: 1. exhibit highest standards of honesty and integrity 2. serve with honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity 3. protect the public health, safety, and welfare 4. perform professionally at highest ethical conduct Fundamental Canons of the NSPE Code of Ethics - Ans:-1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public 2. Perform services only in areas of competence 3.Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 7/28 4. act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees deceptive acts 6. conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession ethical issues portrayed in Morales - Ans:-1. potential conflict of interest with L&L sensors purchases 2. unconventional budget maneuvering for reduced budget g of emplyee for potential insider knowldege of rival company 4. severe env. consequences due to lax local gov. reg. 5. not disclosing full unfo of inexpensive but inferior components 6. potential gift bribing in exchange for maintaining silence on possible unethical acts 7. potential conflict of interest with marriage to EPA employee 8. dishonesty with government official on whether market forces influences decision-making processing GM ignition switch cases - Ans:-a GM engineer signed off on a change to ignition switches in cars that have now been recalled- even though he testified last year that he was not aware of the change a didn't remember approving the change. The ignition swithces could be accidently turned form "run" to ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 8/28 "accessory" position while the cars were being driven, shutting down the power brakes, power steering and airbags. The GM's own figures have linked this to 12 deaths standard of care - Ans:-level or quality of service ordinarily provided by other normally competent practitioners of good standing in that field, contemporaneously providing similar services in the same locality and under the same circumstances. malicious intent - Ans:-behavior of knowingly and deliberately causing harm recklessness - Ans:-behavior of causing harm by not aiming to cause harm but being aware that harm is likely to result negligence - Ans:-behavior of overlooking something or not being aware of the factors that could cause harm Features of profession - Ans:-1. a public statement of belonging 2. Committed to some morally desirable goal beyond what someone not a member of the profession is committed to or obligated to 3. adhere to some published ethical standard 4. extensive training/edu of an intellectual character with theoretical basis 5. skills vital to society ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 9/28 6. sanction by state in form of a license to practice Jon Schmidt's argument in "incompetent and Unaware of IT" - Ans:-1. People overestimate their competence without realizing it. 2. this lead people to them performing tasks that they are not qualified to do. 3. This cognitive deficiency can lead to erroneous conclusions and unfortunate choices (ENGR licensure laws, stanards of professional conduct, and codes of ethics probably need to be revised) What is the role of the TBPE - Ans:-protection of the public by licensing qualified enginers, enforce the Texas ENGR Practice Act, and to regulate the practice of professional engineering in TX Steps towards licencing in TEPA - Ans:-1. take FE 2. graduate with a BS from ABET accredited 3. EIT for 4 years under PE who will endorse your application 4. prepare for PE 5. apply for licensure 6. pay annual license fees on time and keep records of your "continuing professional development" activites ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 10/28 What is industry exemption for TEPA? - Ans:-Allows employees to work on the engineering of product or on the facilities of the company with a license from the TBPE, as long as services exclusively for the private entity Common Sense View - Ans:-1. Objects are mere tools 2. have no moral properties 3. can't blame bomb for wrongdoing if it kills people Strong view - Ans:-1. Technological artifacts do have moral properties 2. Based on Actor-Network Theory (ANT): the boundary between objects and subjects (humans) are no longer possible to uphold Moderate View - Ans:-1. Objects can't be part of the subject 2. the object can't be morally responsible 3. Artifacts do have relevance based on new abilities it gives humans Inductive argument - Ans:-the conclusion probably follows from the premises ex: socrates is moral. Plato is mortal. Aristotle is mortal... -- All philosophers are mortal ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 11/28 deductive argument - Ans:-The conclusion necessarily follows from the premises ex: all humans are mortal. Socrates is human. -- Socrates is mortal abductive argument - Ans:-The conclusion may follow from premises ex: All humans are mortal. Socrates is mortal. -- Socrates is mortal first-order responsibility - Ans:-responsibility to carry out morally right actions second-order responsibility - Ans:-responsibility to make sure that there are some morally good actions to choose Kantian thesis: ought vs. can - Ans:-ought= obligat