EXAM 1 MED-SURG NU155 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

EXAM 1 MED-SURG NU155 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS What are the 4 major functions of water? - ans:-1. Intracellular and extracellular transport 2. Heat regulation 3. Maintain ph balance 4. Aids in digestion What is the largest portion of our body weight? - ans:-water What percentage of body weight is water in an infant? - ans:-77% What percentage of body weight is water in the elderly? - ans:-45% Who is most likely to experience severe consequences of minor imbalances of water? - ans:-very young and very old What are factors that affect the water in the body? - ans:-1. Sodium ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/14 2. Medications 3. Vomiting & diarrhea 4. Heat leading to dehydration Most of the body's fluids are intracellular/extracellular? - ans:-intracellular This fluid is in blood vessels in the form of plasma or serum. - ans:-intravascular Fluid surrounding cells, including lymph. - ans:-interstitial fluid What causes pitting edema? - ans:-interstitial fluid build up Movement from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. - ans:-diffusion Movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. - ans:- osmosis Water and solutes are pushed through a semi-permeable membrane in equal amounts at the same time from an area of high pressure to low pressure. - ans:-filtration Movement of sodium into cell and potassium out of cell across a membrane that requires cellular energy in the form of atp - ans:-active transport ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/14 How does active transport use atp to move molecules across the membrane? - ans:-atp pushes and pulls to fire up an action potential to fire down a neuron and cause the muscle to contract. How much total intake of fluids do we need for normal daily function? - ans:-2500 ml How much of our intake of fluids is ingested (oral fluid)? - ans:-1500 ml What is the minimal output of fluids? - ans:-2500 ml Besides ingested fluids, what are other sources of fluid intake? - ans:-food and cellular metabolism What are sources of fluid output? - ans:-urine Sweating Feces Exhaled air How does the body regulate fluids? - ans:-thirst Kidneys Hormones (adh and aldosterone) What is adh responsible for? - ans:-signals the body to retain water ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/14 What is aldosterone responsible for? - ans:-salt retaining hormone, meaning water is retained Increases bp What occurs when there is a lack of adh? - ans:-diabetes insipidus What are some side effects of diabetes insipidus? - ans:-excessive urination Decrease blood volume Decrease bp leading to shock What physical assessment can we do to monitor fluid status? - ans:-assess for edema Assess skin turgor How do we monitor fluid status? - ans:-physical assessment (edema & skin turgor) Vital signs Daily weights I/o Lab values (cbc, cmp, ua) What is the most accurate way to monitor fluid status? - ans:-daily weights ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/14 How do we know there is a problem w/ fluid status by checking daily weights? - ans:-a 2.2 pound difference in 24 hours Percentage of blood volume composed of rbc - ans:-serum hct Blood test that is an indicator of renal function; is a metabolic waste product - ans:-serum creatinine A measure of renal function; nitrogen is broken down by liver into urea which is filtered out by kidneys in our urine - ans:-bun (blood urea nitrogen) Protein that gives plasma weight to stop fluid volume shifts; creates colloid osmotic pressure to keep fluid in place - ans:-serum albumin Range of sodium (na) - ans:-135-145 Range of potassium (k) - ans:-3.5-5 Range of magnesium (mg) - ans:-1.5-2.5 Range of calcium (ca) - ans:-9-10.5 Determines if kidneys are responding appropriately to metabolic acid-base imbalances - ans:-urine ph A measure of urine concentration; a good indicator of fluid balance - ans:-urine specific gravity ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/14 Measures the number of dissolved particles in a solution and provides more precise measurement of kidneys' ability to concentrate urine - ans:-osmolality Less water than normal in body - ans:-fluid volume deficit Isotonic extracellular fluid deficit - ans:-hypovolemia Water and solutes move out of the cells and into the intravascular and interstitial spaces, causing an increase in concentration of extracellular fluid - ans:-dehydration Giving iv fluids too rapidly can cause ____________________. - ans:-fluid volume excess True/false: if an iv infusion falls behind, infuse at a faster rate than ordered to make up for lost time. - ans:-false Substance that develops an electrical charge when dissolved in water - ans:-electrolytes What is the most abundant electrolyte? - ans:-sodium What are the major roles of na+? - ans:-regulating body fluid volumes Muscular activity Nerve impulse conduction Acid-base balance ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 7/14 What is the most common electrolyte imbalance? - ans:-hyponatremia Causes of hyponatremia - ans:---deficiency of sodium --increase in body water that dilutes the sodium excessively Symptoms of hyponatremia - ans:-headache Muscle weakness Fatigue Apathy Confusion Abd cramps Orthostatic hypotension Treatment of hyponatremia - ans:---restriction of flu