EXAM 3 NU 317 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

EXAM 3 NU 317 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Hydronephrosis - Ans:-Distention or renal calyces and pelvis caused by obstruction Hydroureter - Ans:-dilation of the ureter caused by obstruction dyuria - Ans:-painful/difficulty urinating pyuria - Ans:-presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection risk factors for uti - Ans:-•Sexual activity •Diabetes •Poor hygiene •BPH •Recent catheterizations Foreign objects such as contraceptive diaphragms pathophysiology of uti - Ans:-•Bacteria enter the sterile bladder causing inflammation ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/43 •Most common bacteria - E. Coli medical management for UTI - Ans:-•Antimicrobial therapy- co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin •Phenazopyridine- Relieves the pain, burning, and discomfort caused by infection or irritation of the urinary tract. It is not an antibiotic. Risk factors for Pyelonephritis - Ans:-•Multiple pre-existing U T I's •Pregnancy pathophysiology for UTIs - Ans:-•Inflammation of renal parenchyma and urinary collecting system clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis - Ans:-•Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting •Back or flank pain •Costovertebral tenderness •Enlarged kidneys Treatment of pyelonephritis - Ans:-•Hospitalization •Hydration •Antibiotics ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/43 diagnosis of pyelonphritis - Ans:-•Laboratory testing •CT scan •Ultrasound risk factors of urolithiasis - Ans:-•Family history •Industrialized countries- high dietary protein intake pathophysiology of urolithiasis - Ans:-•Four main types of stones: Calcium, Struvite, Uric and Cystine •Spasms of the ureter occur because of obstruction of one of four sites àshearing off of the ureteral mucosaà bleeding and build up of pressure and spasms causing pain clinical manifestations of urolithiasis - Ans:-•Severe pain when stone lodges in ureter •Gross hematuria diagnosis of urolithiasis - Ans:-•UA •Non-contrast stone survey C T scan •Kidney ureter bladder (K U B) x-ray •US and MRI may be used treatment of urolithiasis - Ans:-•50% pass spontaneously ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/43 •Increase hydration, Flomax (Tamsulosin) •Pain control- opioids surgical management of urolithiasis - Ans:-•Ureteroscopy •Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy •HCTZ- limits calcium excretion into the urine support for the passage of renal calculi - Ans:-Pain control, increased fluid intake and Tamsulosin (Flomax) daily asymptomatic bacteriuria - Ans:-•2 consecutive urine cultures 100,000 bacteria •No symptoms •Occur most in older females •By definition, asymptomatic bacteriuria is not an infection. In rare cases where treatment is recommended— pregnant women and patients about to undergo a urological procedure involving the mucosa—the prescription of antibiotics should be considered prophylaxis against subsequent infection, rather than treatment of infection. interstitial cystitis - Ans:-•Unknown etiology •Causes chronic pelvic pain, perineal pain, dysuria, urgency, frequency, sense of bladder fullness ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/43 bladder cancer - Ans:-•Painless, gross hematuria- frequently the only sign of bladder cancer •Transition cell carcinoma- most common type •80% of bladder cancers à environmental factors (cigarette smoking #1) •Developing countries- parasitic infection from Schistosoma haematobium •Spinal cord injuries increased risk •Genetic mutations •Treatment: Surgical resection, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation Kidney Cancer (Renal Cell Carcinoma [RCC]) - Ans:-•Rare in persons under the age of 45 •Etiology: unknown •Cigarette smoking plays a role, as do hereditary syndromes, obesity, hypertension, cystic kidney disease, and environmental exposures to toxins •Proximal tubule is the most common location for cancer development •Presentation •Hematuria, flank pain, fatigue, weight loss •Abdominal mass, anemia ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/43 May be asymptomatic, incidental finding on x-ray kidney cancer diagnosis - Ans:-•Lab test •Reduced serum albumin •Protein in urine •CT scan MRI kidney cancer treatment - Ans:-•Surger