©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NU 126 EXAM #4 STUDY GUIDE
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
intertrochanteric fracture vs subtrochanteric fracture - Ans:✔✔-inter: occurs 70% of the time
Sub: occurs 30% of the time
**commonly affect the femoral neck
***ALL FRACTURES NEED AN XRAY TO CONFIRM**
Mobility Exemplar Fractures - Ans:✔✔-break or disruption in continuity of bone that affects mobility and
causes pain
TYPES:
1. Complete (no altered alignment) or Incomplete
2. Open (compound open skin) or Closed (simple no wound )
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
3. Fragility (pathologic/ minimal trauma) (spontaneous)
4. Fatigue or stress
5. Compression (especially in geriatric patients)
Stages of bone healing - Ans:✔✔-1. hematoma formation: hematoma at the site of the fracture, within
24-72 hours post injury.
2. Fibrocartilage Callus Formation: Granulation tissue invade the hematoma, causing the formation of
fibrocartilage which is the foundation for bone healing. Occurs within 3days- 2weeks
3. Bony Callus Formation: The fracture site is surrounded by new vascular tissue known as a callus, which
is the beginning of a non-bony union. takes 3-6 weeks
4. Reabsorption : the callus is gradually reabsorbed and transformed into bone. takes 3-8 weeks
5. Consolidation and remodeling: of bone continue to meet mechanical demands. This takes up to 4-6
sometimes up to 1 year depending on the severity of the injury, age and health of the patient.
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Early Complications: Shock - Ans:✔✔-**more common in pelvic fractures and displaced or open
femoral**
-causes hypovolemia/ shock from hemorrhage caused by tearing of the femoral artery from bone
fragments. (unstable pelvic fractures)
Early Complications: Fat Embolism - Ans:✔✔-Fat emboli enters circulation.
- occurs mostly with long bone (femur) fractions.
-has a rapid onset within 12-72 hours
-s/s
1. hypoxia
2.tachypnea
3. dyspnea
4.tachycardia
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
5. substernal chest pain
6. low-grade fever
7.crackles
8. petechial (after 2-3 days after onset of symptoms)
9. Neurological deficits (restlessness, agitation, seizures, focal deficit, and encephalopathy
Early Complications: Compartment syndrome - Ans:✔✔-- Caused by an elevation of pressure within an
anatomic compartment.
-Perfusion to tissues is impairs--> cell death--> tissue death/necrosis--> permeant dysfunction
- develops quickly
-occurs commonly in young adults
-s/s
1.Pain
2.pallor
3.Pulselessness**
4.parathesis
Page 4/83
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NU 126 EXAM #4 STUDY GUIDE
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
intertrochanteric fracture vs subtrochanteric fracture - Ans:✔✔-inter: occurs 70% of the time
Sub: occurs 30% of the time
**commonly affect the femoral neck
***ALL FRACTURES NEED AN XRAY TO CONFIRM**
Mobility Exemplar Fractures - Ans:✔✔-break or disruption in continuity of bone that affects mobility and
causes pain
TYPES:
1. Complete (no altered alignment) or Incomplete
2. Open (compound open skin) or Closed (simple no wound )
Page 1/83
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
3. Fragility (pathologic/ minimal trauma) (spontaneous)
4. Fatigue or stress
5. Compression (especially in geriatric patients)
Stages of bone healing - Ans:✔✔-1. hematoma formation: hematoma at the site of the fracture, within
24-72 hours post injury.
2. Fibrocartilage Callus Formation: Granulation tissue invade the hematoma, causing the formation of
fibrocartilage which is the foundation for bone healing. Occurs within 3days- 2weeks
3. Bony Callus Formation: The fracture site is surrounded by new vascular tissue known as a callus, which
is the beginning of a non-bony union. takes 3-6 weeks
4. Reabsorption : the callus is gradually reabsorbed and transformed into bone. takes 3-8 weeks
5. Consolidation and remodeling: of bone continue to meet mechanical demands. This takes up to 4-6
sometimes up to 1 year depending on the severity of the injury, age and health of the patient.
Page 2/83
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Early Complications: Shock - Ans:✔✔-**more common in pelvic fractures and displaced or open
femoral**
-causes hypovolemia/ shock from hemorrhage caused by tearing of the femoral artery from bone
fragments. (unstable pelvic fractures)
Early Complications: Fat Embolism - Ans:✔✔-Fat emboli enters circulation.
- occurs mostly with long bone (femur) fractions.
-has a rapid onset within 12-72 hours
-s/s
1. hypoxia
2.tachypnea
3. dyspnea
4.tachycardia
Page 3/83
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
5. substernal chest pain
6. low-grade fever
7.crackles
8. petechial (after 2-3 days after onset of symptoms)
9. Neurological deficits (restlessness, agitation, seizures, focal deficit, and encephalopathy
Early Complications: Compartment syndrome - Ans:✔✔-- Caused by an elevation of pressure within an
anatomic compartment.
-Perfusion to tissues is impairs--> cell death--> tissue death/necrosis--> permeant dysfunction
- develops quickly
-occurs commonly in young adults
-s/s
1.Pain
2.pallor
3.Pulselessness**
4.parathesis
Page 4/83
