©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Study Guide
with Complete Solutions
Define Epigenetics - Ans:✔✔-the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur
WITHOUT a DNA change
- they are chemical or environmental modifications
ex: parental diet and environmental toxins
What are the components of the epigenome? - Ans:✔✔-1. methylation
2. micro RNA
3. histone modification
Define methylation - Ans:✔✔-Addition of a chemical tag that turns off gene expression from a parent
- DNA sequence AND methyl tag are passed down to offspring
Page 1/31
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Histone modification - Ans:✔✔-changes in the structure of histones that make it more or less likely that
a segment of DNA will be transcribed
- chemical tags are attacked to the tails of histones
- when histones are too tightly wound then parts of DNA segments will not be available for transcription
What are micro-RNA? - Ans:✔✔-- small single stranded RNA that bind to mRNA and make it double
stranded
- they prevent translation, and therefore protein synthesis
What is a microbiome? - Ans:✔✔-the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or
a part of the body).
- unique to every person
What was the Dutch Hunger Winter? - Ans:✔✔-- a super cold winter that prevented shipments of food
- people survived on 30% of normal intake
- babies malnourished during the LAST few months of gestation remained SMALL
- babies malnourished in FIRST months of gestation had more OBESITY and health problems in the future
What is the relationship between epigenetics and cancer? - Ans:✔✔-WE KNOW:
Page 2/31
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
a. cancer represents changes in gene expression
b. damage or loss of expression of suppressor genes can permit expression of cancer genes
c. damage or mutation of an oncogene can make it less susceptible to control by suppressor products
What is the relationship between methylation and cancer? - Ans:✔✔-- this is the most studied
epigenetic mechanism in cancer
- areas around oncogenes are often hypomethylated (increase expression)
- areas around tumor suppressor genes are hypermethylated (decrease expression)
What are cancer preventions and/or therapy research that have been found? - Ans:✔✔-THE FOLLOWING
HELP PREVENT CANCER
1.) There are compounds to PREVENT methylation of suppressor genes
2.) There are compounds to CAUSE oncogenes to be methylated
3.) There are drugs that inhibit enzymes that increase methylation or change in histone influence
4.) Antioxidant influence
Name 2 environmental toxins and why are they toxic? - Ans:✔✔-1. Biphenol A (BPA)
Page 3/31
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
2. Phthylates
- these change cell structure and therefore influence future generations
What was the experiment with the Agouti Mice? - Ans:✔✔-- mice with two copies of dominant Agouti
gene: yellow and obese
- when the Agouti gene was methylated:
a.) They became brown
b.) They developed a normal appetite
What is the primary risk factor for having a mentla disorder? - Ans:✔✔-having a close family member
who had the disorder
What is true about Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, & Autism - Ans:✔✔-all three of these have a higher
heritability than Parkinsons and Breast Cancer
What are the pharmacogenetics for mental disorders? - Ans:✔✔-- only some psychotropic medications
are helpful for some individuals
- side effects:
a. weight gain
Page 4/31
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Study Guide
with Complete Solutions
Define Epigenetics - Ans:✔✔-the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur
WITHOUT a DNA change
- they are chemical or environmental modifications
ex: parental diet and environmental toxins
What are the components of the epigenome? - Ans:✔✔-1. methylation
2. micro RNA
3. histone modification
Define methylation - Ans:✔✔-Addition of a chemical tag that turns off gene expression from a parent
- DNA sequence AND methyl tag are passed down to offspring
Page 1/31
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Histone modification - Ans:✔✔-changes in the structure of histones that make it more or less likely that
a segment of DNA will be transcribed
- chemical tags are attacked to the tails of histones
- when histones are too tightly wound then parts of DNA segments will not be available for transcription
What are micro-RNA? - Ans:✔✔-- small single stranded RNA that bind to mRNA and make it double
stranded
- they prevent translation, and therefore protein synthesis
What is a microbiome? - Ans:✔✔-the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or
a part of the body).
- unique to every person
What was the Dutch Hunger Winter? - Ans:✔✔-- a super cold winter that prevented shipments of food
- people survived on 30% of normal intake
- babies malnourished during the LAST few months of gestation remained SMALL
- babies malnourished in FIRST months of gestation had more OBESITY and health problems in the future
What is the relationship between epigenetics and cancer? - Ans:✔✔-WE KNOW:
Page 2/31
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
a. cancer represents changes in gene expression
b. damage or loss of expression of suppressor genes can permit expression of cancer genes
c. damage or mutation of an oncogene can make it less susceptible to control by suppressor products
What is the relationship between methylation and cancer? - Ans:✔✔-- this is the most studied
epigenetic mechanism in cancer
- areas around oncogenes are often hypomethylated (increase expression)
- areas around tumor suppressor genes are hypermethylated (decrease expression)
What are cancer preventions and/or therapy research that have been found? - Ans:✔✔-THE FOLLOWING
HELP PREVENT CANCER
1.) There are compounds to PREVENT methylation of suppressor genes
2.) There are compounds to CAUSE oncogenes to be methylated
3.) There are drugs that inhibit enzymes that increase methylation or change in histone influence
4.) Antioxidant influence
Name 2 environmental toxins and why are they toxic? - Ans:✔✔-1. Biphenol A (BPA)
Page 3/31
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
2. Phthylates
- these change cell structure and therefore influence future generations
What was the experiment with the Agouti Mice? - Ans:✔✔-- mice with two copies of dominant Agouti
gene: yellow and obese
- when the Agouti gene was methylated:
a.) They became brown
b.) They developed a normal appetite
What is the primary risk factor for having a mentla disorder? - Ans:✔✔-having a close family member
who had the disorder
What is true about Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, & Autism - Ans:✔✔-all three of these have a higher
heritability than Parkinsons and Breast Cancer
What are the pharmacogenetics for mental disorders? - Ans:✔✔-- only some psychotropic medications
are helpful for some individuals
- side effects:
a. weight gain
Page 4/31
