NU 318 Unit 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

NU 318 Unit 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Genetics - Ans:-the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. Genomics - Ans:-The study of the function of all the nucleotide sequence present within the entire genome of a species. Including genes in DNA coding regions and non-coding regions. Sex cells - Ans:-These are the only cells in our body that do not contain the entire human genome, they contain half. Gene - Ans:-sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait DNA - Ans:-deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. Chromosomes - Ans:-threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes gene expression - Ans:-The activation of a gene allowing its product to be made by the cell. Hydrogen bonds - Ans:-Weak connections between nucleic acids (bases) in DNA ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/18 adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine - Ans:-The four bases in DNA that are nitrogen containing compounds and are made up of amino acids Pyrimidines - Ans:-cytosine and thymine (single ring) Purines - Ans:-Adenine and Guanine (2 rings) Mitosis - Ans:-cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes G0 - Ans:-a resting stage of the cell cycle in which DNA replication and cell division stop and normal cell functioning occurs G1 - Ans:-Cell takes on nutrients, generates more energy, increases membrane size and cytoplasm. S phase - Ans:-The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. G2 - Ans:-Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis) Also, production of proteins important for cell division M phase - Ans:-The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis, nucleokinesis and cytokinesis resulting in two equal daughter cells. DNA helicase - Ans:-An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/18 DNA ligase - Ans:-A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain. DNA polymerase - Ans:-Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to strand produce a DNA molecule, proofreads and edits base pairs DNA topoisomerase - Ans:-an enzyme that alleviates DNA supercoiling during DNA replication, before the fork Primase - Ans:-An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer, initiates new protein synthesis SSB proteins - Ans:-Helps keep the two single strands separated long enough for initiation of DNA replication. Ploidy - Ans:-number of sets of chromosomes in a cell at mitosis, humans have 46 chromosomes combined in 23 pairs. haploid chromosome number - Ans:-A complete set of one of each chromosome (1N) representing 23 individual chromosomes. diploid chromosome number - Ans:-When the nucleus contains both pairs of all chromosomes (2N) Polyploidy - Ans:-condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes (3N or 4N) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/18 Telomeres - Ans:-DNA at the tips of chromosomes that keeps it from unraveling. Karyotype - Ans:-A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape during metaphaseof mitosis. metacentric - Ans:-centromere is in the middle submetacentric - Ans:-centromere slightly off center acrocentric - Ans:-Describes a chromosome whose centromere is placed very close to, but not at, one end,with little to no P arm. Karyotype - Ans:-This view of chromosomes can tell us if the sale is human, male or female, and euploid which is deployed having chromosomes that are normal and number in appear normal and structure, it does not indicate whether any genes are mutated or non-functional. XX - Ans:-female sex chromosomes XY - Ans:-male sex chromosomes Genotype - Ans:-An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. Allele - Ans:-An alternative form of a gene at a specific location Phenotype - Ans:-An organism's physical appearance, or v