janeways immunobiology Chapter
1 EXAM 2024/2025 with questions
and accurate answers
How many specificities of lymphocytes are there in a human at any one time -
CORRECT ANSWER10^8, which comprises the lymphocyte receptor repertoire of the
individual
Macfarlane Burnet - CORRECT ANSWER Preexistence in the body of many different
potential antibody--producing cells, each dislpaying on its surface a membrane-bound
version of the antibody that served as a receptor for the antigen. On binding antigen, the
cell is activated to divide and to produce many identical progeny.
clonal expansion - CORRECT ANSWER the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones
after activation by an antigen
clonotypic - CORRECT ANSWER Each T cell clone expresses one type of TCR of the
same specificity
clonal selection theory - CORRECT ANSWER States that the antigen selects which
lymphocyte will undergo clonal expansion and produce more lymphocytes bearing the
same type of receptor.
Postulates of the clonal selection hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Each
lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity
2. Interaction between a foreign molecule and a lymphocyte receptor capable of binding
that molecule with high affinity leads to lymphocyte activation
3. The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear
receptors of identical specificity to those of the parental cell from which that lymphocyte
was derived
4. Lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for ubiquitous self molecules are deleted at
an early stage in lymphoid cell development and are therefore absent from the
repertoire of mature lymphocytes
James Gowans (early 1960s) - CORRECT ANSWER removal of small lymphocytes
from rats resulted in the loss of all known adaptive immune responses which led to the
realization that lymphocytes must be the unit of clonal selection
cellular immunology - CORRECT ANSWER The study of the cellular basis of immunity.
,self antigens - CORRECT ANSWER all cells are covered with variety of proteins located
on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions
or grafts
Ray Owens - CORRECT ANSWER late 1940s
Showed that genetically different twin calves with a common placenta, and thus shared
placental blood circulation, were immunologically unresponsive, or tolerant, to one
another's tissue
Peter Medawar - CORRECT ANSWER showed in 1953 that exposure to foreign tissues
during embryonic development caused mice to become immunologically tolerant to
these tissues. Shared 1960 nobel prize with burnett
clonal deletion - CORRECT ANSWER The process of destroying B and T cells that
react to self antigens
Some lymphocytes that receive too much or too little signal undergo - CORRECT
ANSWER apoptosis
anergy - CORRECT ANSWER absence of the normal immune response to a particular
antigen or allergen
lymphoid tissues and organs - CORRECT ANSWER the tissues and organs that work
with the immune system to defend the body, including the thymus, bone marrow, lymph
nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and other structures
Central or primary lymphoid organs - CORRECT ANSWER bone marrow and thymus
Peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs - CORRECT ANSWER lymph nodes, spleen,
and the mucosal lymphoid tissues of the gut, the nasal and respiratory tract, the
urogenital tract, and other mucosa.
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) - CORRECT ANSWER carry lymph from peripheral
tissues to the venous system
The progenitors that give rise to B and T lymphocytes originate in the - CORRECT
ANSWER bone marrow
The immature precursors of the T cells migrate from bone marrow to -
CORRECT ANSWER thymus
Bursa of Fabricius - CORRECT ANSWER Lymphoid organ associated with the gut that
is the site of B-cell development in chickens.
What activates T cells - CORRECT ANSWER dendritic cells that have picked up
antigens at the site of infection and migrated to secondary lymphoid organs. Perform
, macropinocytosis. These processes lead to the display of peptide antigens on the MHC
molecules of the dendritic cells, a display that activates the antigen receptors of
lymphocytes.
co-stimulatory molecules - CORRECT ANSWERCell-surface proteins on antigen-
presenting cells that deliver co-stimulatory signals to naive T cells. Examples are the B7
molecules on dendritic cells, which are ligands for CD28 on naive T cells. Helps T cell
mature.
Draining lymph nodes - CORRECT ANSWERPeripheral lymphoid tissues where they
activate antigen-specific lymphocytes.
Where do the lymphocytes leave as effector cells? - CORRECT ANSWERefferent
lymphatic vessel
How long does the adaptive immune response become effective after new antigen -
CORRECT ANSWER1 week after infection
Lymph - CORRECT ANSWERextracellular fluid from the tissues
filtration by the blood
Lymph flows away from the peripheral tissues under the pressure exerted by its
continuous production, and is carried by lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
One way valves - CORRECT ANSWERprevent reverse flow of lymph
Afferent lymphatic vessels - CORRECT ANSWERdrain fluid form the tissues and carry
pathogens and antigen-bearing cells from infected tissues to the lymph nodes. Free
antigens simply diffuse and dendritic cells actively migrate attracted by chemokines
High endothelial venules (HEV) - CORRECT ANSWERLymphocytes ENTER the
tissues and lymph nodes by passing through what structure in post-capillary structures?
Where are B cells in lymph nodes? - CORRECT ANSWERFollicles (outer cortex of
lymph node)
Where are T cells distributed in lymph nodes? - CORRECT ANSWERParacortical areas
-Deep cortex or T-cell zones
Lymphocytes migrating from the blood (and dendritic cells/macrophages) - CORRECT
ANSWERenter the paracortical areas first.
() localizes there
When they become activated, T and B cells.... - CORRECT ANSWERmove to the
border of the follicle and T cell zone where T cell helper can help B cell
1 EXAM 2024/2025 with questions
and accurate answers
How many specificities of lymphocytes are there in a human at any one time -
CORRECT ANSWER10^8, which comprises the lymphocyte receptor repertoire of the
individual
Macfarlane Burnet - CORRECT ANSWER Preexistence in the body of many different
potential antibody--producing cells, each dislpaying on its surface a membrane-bound
version of the antibody that served as a receptor for the antigen. On binding antigen, the
cell is activated to divide and to produce many identical progeny.
clonal expansion - CORRECT ANSWER the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones
after activation by an antigen
clonotypic - CORRECT ANSWER Each T cell clone expresses one type of TCR of the
same specificity
clonal selection theory - CORRECT ANSWER States that the antigen selects which
lymphocyte will undergo clonal expansion and produce more lymphocytes bearing the
same type of receptor.
Postulates of the clonal selection hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Each
lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity
2. Interaction between a foreign molecule and a lymphocyte receptor capable of binding
that molecule with high affinity leads to lymphocyte activation
3. The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear
receptors of identical specificity to those of the parental cell from which that lymphocyte
was derived
4. Lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for ubiquitous self molecules are deleted at
an early stage in lymphoid cell development and are therefore absent from the
repertoire of mature lymphocytes
James Gowans (early 1960s) - CORRECT ANSWER removal of small lymphocytes
from rats resulted in the loss of all known adaptive immune responses which led to the
realization that lymphocytes must be the unit of clonal selection
cellular immunology - CORRECT ANSWER The study of the cellular basis of immunity.
,self antigens - CORRECT ANSWER all cells are covered with variety of proteins located
on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions
or grafts
Ray Owens - CORRECT ANSWER late 1940s
Showed that genetically different twin calves with a common placenta, and thus shared
placental blood circulation, were immunologically unresponsive, or tolerant, to one
another's tissue
Peter Medawar - CORRECT ANSWER showed in 1953 that exposure to foreign tissues
during embryonic development caused mice to become immunologically tolerant to
these tissues. Shared 1960 nobel prize with burnett
clonal deletion - CORRECT ANSWER The process of destroying B and T cells that
react to self antigens
Some lymphocytes that receive too much or too little signal undergo - CORRECT
ANSWER apoptosis
anergy - CORRECT ANSWER absence of the normal immune response to a particular
antigen or allergen
lymphoid tissues and organs - CORRECT ANSWER the tissues and organs that work
with the immune system to defend the body, including the thymus, bone marrow, lymph
nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and other structures
Central or primary lymphoid organs - CORRECT ANSWER bone marrow and thymus
Peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs - CORRECT ANSWER lymph nodes, spleen,
and the mucosal lymphoid tissues of the gut, the nasal and respiratory tract, the
urogenital tract, and other mucosa.
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) - CORRECT ANSWER carry lymph from peripheral
tissues to the venous system
The progenitors that give rise to B and T lymphocytes originate in the - CORRECT
ANSWER bone marrow
The immature precursors of the T cells migrate from bone marrow to -
CORRECT ANSWER thymus
Bursa of Fabricius - CORRECT ANSWER Lymphoid organ associated with the gut that
is the site of B-cell development in chickens.
What activates T cells - CORRECT ANSWER dendritic cells that have picked up
antigens at the site of infection and migrated to secondary lymphoid organs. Perform
, macropinocytosis. These processes lead to the display of peptide antigens on the MHC
molecules of the dendritic cells, a display that activates the antigen receptors of
lymphocytes.
co-stimulatory molecules - CORRECT ANSWERCell-surface proteins on antigen-
presenting cells that deliver co-stimulatory signals to naive T cells. Examples are the B7
molecules on dendritic cells, which are ligands for CD28 on naive T cells. Helps T cell
mature.
Draining lymph nodes - CORRECT ANSWERPeripheral lymphoid tissues where they
activate antigen-specific lymphocytes.
Where do the lymphocytes leave as effector cells? - CORRECT ANSWERefferent
lymphatic vessel
How long does the adaptive immune response become effective after new antigen -
CORRECT ANSWER1 week after infection
Lymph - CORRECT ANSWERextracellular fluid from the tissues
filtration by the blood
Lymph flows away from the peripheral tissues under the pressure exerted by its
continuous production, and is carried by lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
One way valves - CORRECT ANSWERprevent reverse flow of lymph
Afferent lymphatic vessels - CORRECT ANSWERdrain fluid form the tissues and carry
pathogens and antigen-bearing cells from infected tissues to the lymph nodes. Free
antigens simply diffuse and dendritic cells actively migrate attracted by chemokines
High endothelial venules (HEV) - CORRECT ANSWERLymphocytes ENTER the
tissues and lymph nodes by passing through what structure in post-capillary structures?
Where are B cells in lymph nodes? - CORRECT ANSWERFollicles (outer cortex of
lymph node)
Where are T cells distributed in lymph nodes? - CORRECT ANSWERParacortical areas
-Deep cortex or T-cell zones
Lymphocytes migrating from the blood (and dendritic cells/macrophages) - CORRECT
ANSWERenter the paracortical areas first.
() localizes there
When they become activated, T and B cells.... - CORRECT ANSWERmove to the
border of the follicle and T cell zone where T cell helper can help B cell
