Q2 N322 Psych 1 Exam 1 Info Exam Study Guide

Frontal Lobe - Plan & execute goals ´Decision making; our connection with other people ´Insight ´Motivation ´Social judgment (empathy and what we should and shouldn't do) ´Voluntary motor starts in frontal lobe (learning to wait and patience) ´Being patient, being goal directed ´What makes us human, aka the executive level thoughts and processes Changes related to Schizophrenia, Depression, Addiction are related to which area of the brain? A. Frontal Lobe B. Occipital Lobe C. Temporal Lobe D. Parietal Lobe - A Parietal Lobe - ´Receives, identifies and integrates sensory information (all senses except smell) ´It's the GPS, tells us where we are in relation to our environment ´Concept formation and abstraction ´Proprioception and body awareness ´Reading and math ´Right and left orientation ´Writing Temporal Lobe - ´Hearing and receiving information via ears (language recognition and comprehension) ´Emotional brain structures ´Short-term memory (visual, language and speech and new memories) ´Sense of smell ´Expression of emotions ´Wernicke's area (works with Broca's area, that is in the frontal lobe, to produce normal communication) speech capacity - written and verbal speech ´Complex visual perceptions such as faces Occipital Lobe - Interprets visual images ´color recognition ´recognition/naming objects ´ability to track moving objects The Limbic System - Circle of structures known as the emotional brain ´Hippocampus - deep within temporal lobe ´Amygdala - in temporal lobe ´Hypothalamus - deep in the brain ´Thalamus - near the brain stem ´Sometimes will see singlet gyrus in limbic system too Changes related to the conditions of Stress related disorders, Depression, and Addiction are related to what? - The Limbic System Basal Ganglia - Located deep in the cerebrum Functions §Voluntary motor movements § Procedural learning § Routine behaviors such as eye movements § Cognition § Emotion Motor and muscle tone -r/t neurotransmitter (rich in) dopamine Changes related to the conditions of Extrapyramidal (EPS) involuntary motor symptoms and Tardive dyskinesia (TD) are related to which area of the brain? - Basal Ganglia Extrapyramidal Tract - §Rich in dopamine Controls & coordinates postural & motor mechanisms §Affected by psychotropic drugs Brainstem - Vital (signs) life functions Cerebellum - Motor & Cognitive processes Thalamus - Filter - sensory information Hypothalamus - Homeostasis (regulator) of Temperature, BP, Hunger / eating, Thirst, Sleep Axon function - transmits impulses away from the cell Dendrite function - transmits impulses toward the cell Afferent Neurons (Sensory) - Carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS Efferent Neurons (Motor) - Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles & glands of the periphery 5 Neurotransmitters - ´Acetylcholine ´Nor epinephrine ´Dopamine ´Serotonin ´Gamma Amino butyric (GABA) ONLY ONE THAT'S INHIBITORY (the more GABA u have, the less active the neurons are) Functions of Acetylcholine (Ach) - ´Sleep ´Arousal ´Pain perception ´Modulation & coordination of movement ´Memory acquisition & retention Possible Implications Acetylcholine R/t Mental Illness - R/T Motor Behavior & Memory ´Parkinson's Disease ´Huntington's Chorea ´Alzheimer's Disease ´Depression (increased levels) Functions of Norepinephrine - Regulates: ´Mood ´Cognition ´Perception ´Locomotion ´Cardiovascular functioning ´Sleep & arousal Possible Implications Norepinephrine R/T Mental Illness - Mood, Cognition, Perception ´Depression (decreased levels) ´Mania ( increased levels) ´Anxiety states ( increased levels) ´Schizophrenia ( increased levels) Functions of Dopamine - -Emotions are associated at higher levels with psychosis -Regulation of movements & coordination Voluntary decision-making ability -Inhibits the release of prolactin (Due to the influence on the pituitary gland) Possible Implications Dopamine R/T Mental Illness - Movement & Emotions -W/ DECREASED LEVELS = Parkinson's Disease & Depression -W/ INCREASED LEVELS = Mania & Schizophrenia Functions of Serotonin - ´Sleep & arousal ´Libido ´Appetite ´Mood ´Aggression ´Pain perception ´Coordination ´Ability to pursue goal-directed behavior (or having purpose) Possible Implications Serotonin R/T Mental Illness - Mood, Sleep, Aggression -W/ DECREASED LEVELS = Depression -W/ INCREASED LEVELS = Mania & Anxiety Functions of GABA Gamma Aminobutyric Acid - -Interrupts the progression of the -electrical impulse at the synaptic -junction producing a significant -slowdown of body activity 3 Possible Implications GABA R/T Mental Illness - W/ DECREASED Levels of GABA = Anxiety Disorders; Movement Disorders; Various forms of epilepsy Psychotropic Drugs - Target the interaction between the neurotransmitters and the receptor sites. Neurotransmitters R/T Mental Disorders - -Dopamine Increased = Schizophrenia -Serotonin Decreased = Depression -Norepinephrine Decreased = Depression Neurotransmitters R/T Mental Illness - -GABA Decreased = Anxiety Disorders -Acetylcholine Decreased = Alzheimer's Disease Drug Classifications - -Antipsychotic Drugs treat Psychosis -Action Block receptors for dopamine -Adverse for Extra pyramidal symptoms (EPS) Pseudo parkinsonism - Muscle tremors Drooling Shuffling gait Slow Movements Akathisia - -Continuous restlessness -Inability to sit still -Constant moving -Foot tapping -Hand Movements Extra pyramidal Symptoms: Dystonia - -Spasms of the tongue, neck, back, & legs -Unnatural positioning of neck -Abnormal eye movements -Excessive salivation Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) - Lip smacking Tongue darting Chewing movements Slow & aimless arm & leg movements Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) - ´Muscle rigidity ´High fever ´Autonomic instability ´Elevated levels of enzymes ´Changes in LOC ´Medical Emergency (high temp 104+) Anticholinergic Side Effects - ´Orthostatic hypotension ´Dry mouth ´Urinary hesitance or retention ´Blurred near vision ´Constipation ´Dry eyes ´Photophobia ´Nasal congestion ´Decreased memory Antidepressant Drugs treats what 5 types of Disorders? - ´Major Depressive Disorders ´Panic Disorders ´Anxiety Disorders ´Bipolar Depression ´Psychotic Depression Mechanism of Action Anti Depressant Drugs - -Interact with norepinephrine & serotonin -Regulate mood, arousal, attention, sensory processing, & appetite 4 Medication Groups - -Tricyclic & related cyclic antidepressants (similar to side effects of anti-psychotic meds mainly anti-cholerngenic) -Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) -Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) (have a lot of restrictions in nursing edu.) -Other antidepressants (Effexor, Wellbutrin, Desyrel, Serzone Mood Stabilizing Drugs - -Lithium: Used for treatment of bipolar affective disorder -Action: normalizes reuptake of certain neurotransmitters like Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, & Dopamine Anti anxiety Drugs (Anxiolytics) - -Used for the treatment of anxiety & anxiety disorders, insomnia, OCD, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, & alcohol withdrawal -Action: mediate the actions of GABA Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Stimulants - ´Use for the treatment of ADHD ´Action: cause release of neurotransmitters (nor epinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin) from pre synaptic area, & block reuptake Antabuse (Disulfiram) - -Used as a deterrent to drinking alcohol -Action: inhibits the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase involved in metabolism of ethanol (makes pt violently vomit when alcohol is consumed) Cultural Considerations - -African Americans respond more rapidly to antipsychotic & tri cyclic antidepressants medications -Asians respond to lower dosages of lithium 4 Key Concepts - -Nervous system transmits messages to the cells via neurochemicals -Abnormal levels of neurochemicals linked to forms of illness -Pharmacologic drugs treat the imbalances -Some drugs can cause adverse effects like Dystonia, Akathisia, Pseudo parkinsonism, & Tardive dyskinesia Definition of Mental Health - -Successful performance of mental functions Resulting in the ability to: -engage in productive activities -enjoy fulfilling relationships -change or cope with adversity CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTAL HEALTH - ²Reality Check ²Cognitive Abilities ²Ability to Function ²Maintain Responsibilities (personal accountability) ²Healthy Self-Concept ²Healthy Relationships ²Coping Abilities ²Self-control (the ability to wait) Definition of Mental Illness - Clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome experienced by a person and: -marked by distress, disability, or the risk of suffering disability or loss of freedom.