BIOL 1410 Practice Midterm 2 Questions With Correct
Solutions, Already Passed!!
Anatomy - ANSWER The study of internal and external structures -- the
relationships among body parts.
Example. Bone and muscle
Gross Anatomy - ANSWER A subdivision of anatomy that deals with structures
visible to the unaided eye.
Example. Bones
Micro anatomy - ANSWER A subdivision of anatomy which requires the use of a
microscope.
Cytology - ANSWER Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of internal structures of individual cells. Cytologists study internal
structures of cells.
Histology - ANSWER Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of tissues (groups of cells).
Chemical Level of Organization (1) - ANSWER -Basic level
-Atoms (Ex. H and O atoms)
-Atoms join to form molecules (Ex. H2O, water)
Cellular Level of Organization (2) - ANSWER -Molecules form organelles which
form cells
-The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of life
•All cells contain chemicals but functions may differ (Ex. Red blood cells, neurons,
muscle cells)
Tissue Level of Organization (3) - ANSWER -A group of structurally similar cells
with a common function
-4 major tissues:
a) Epithelium
b) Connective Tissue (CT)
c) Muscle
d) Nervous
Organ Level of Organization (4) - ANSWER 2 or more tissues working together for
a common function
Ex. The stomach uses all 4 major tissues; it's function is digestion.
Organ System Level of Organization (5) - ANSWER Several related organs that
work together to accomplish a common purpose.
Ex. The respiratory system uses the trachea, bronchi, lungs and more to accomplish
the function of respiration.
,Organism Level of Organization (6) - ANSWER All organ systems function together
to maintain life (human being).
Note: Levels of organization is a hierarchy--each level contains those below.
Structure of an Atom - ANSWER The nucleus contains protons (p^+): positive
charge, and neurons (n^0): neutral charge. Electrons (e^-): negative charge, orbit the
nucleus.
Atoms are electrically neutral --> the number of protons is equal to the number of
electrons. Note that the number of neutrons may not be equal to these.
Ions - ANSWER If an atom gains or loses an electron, it is no longer electrically
neutral and becomes an ion. Atoms that gain(s) an electron(s) become negative ions
and are called anions. Atoms that lose an electron(s) become positive ions and are
called cations.
Important Ions (Electrolytes) (5) - ANSWER 1) Calcium (Ca^++)
2) Sodium (Na^+)
3) Potassium (K^+)
4) Hydrogen (H^+)
5) Chloride (Cl^-)
Chemical Bonds - ANSWER Bond (holds) atoms together to form molecules. They
allow the formation of chemical compounds that may be organic or inorganic.
Ionic Bond - ANSWER Type of chemical bond where ions are formed--electrons
transfer from one atom to another.
Ex. In NaCl, Na loses an electron while Cl gains an electron. The positive (Na+) and
negative (Cl-) ions attract, forming the bond. In water, NaCl dissociates
(dissolves/separates/ionizes) back into it's ions (Na+, Cl-).
Covalent Bond - ANSWER Type of chemical bond where electrons are shared
between atoms.
Ex. CH4
Organic Substances - ANSWER Contain covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms.
Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Inorganic Substances - ANSWER Usually lack carbon.
Ex. NaCl, H2O, O2
The exceptions to the carbon ruling include:
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Bicarbonate (HCO3^-)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Monoxide (CO)
Water (inorganic) - ANSWER -Water is the most abundant substance in cells.
-It contains two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom.
-Many reactions of the body either take place in or involve water.
, -It is a polar molecule which transports chemicals like O2 and nutrients.
-It maintains body temperature at 37°C.
Polar Molecules - ANSWER Contain an unequal sharing of electrons which leads to
a slight charge difference.
Acids - ANSWER -May be organic or inorganic.
-Acids dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen atoms (H^+).
•As [H+] increases, pH decreases
•Ex. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water ==> H+ + Cl-
Bases - ANSWER -May be organic or inorganic.
-In water, bases bind to free H+ atoms
•As [H+] decreases, pH increases
•Ex. NaOH in water ==> Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion); then OH- (base) + H+ ==> water
•Ex. HCO3- (bicarbonate; base) + H+ ==> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
•Note: OH- and HCO3- act as bases by binding to the free H+ ions
pH Scale - ANSWER -Reflects the concentration of free H+ in a solution.
-Basic --> acidic: increasing [H+]
0 ==========> 7.0 ==========> 14
acidic neutral basic(=alkaline)
-Ex. pH of blood ~7.35 - 7.45
Carbohydrate - ANSWER -An important organic substance consisting of C, H, O
-Chemical formula: C(H2O)n (n=#)
-Functions:
•Source of energy for cells Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)
•Used to build cellular structures Ex. DNA and RNA
Monosaccharides - ANSWER Simple sugars which are the basic building blocks of
other carbohydrates (CHO).
Ex. Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
Disaccharides - ANSWER The result of two monosaccharides covalently bonded
together.
Ex. Glucose + fructose ==> sucrose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER The result of many monosaccharides (basic building
blocks) bonded together.
Ex. Glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)
Lipids - ANSWER -Composed of C, H and O atoms (different ratio than
carbohydrates), they are insoluble (non-polar) in water.
-Ex. Fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, fatty acids (FA)
-Function:
a) Protect organs (padding)
b) Component of cell membranes
Solutions, Already Passed!!
Anatomy - ANSWER The study of internal and external structures -- the
relationships among body parts.
Example. Bone and muscle
Gross Anatomy - ANSWER A subdivision of anatomy that deals with structures
visible to the unaided eye.
Example. Bones
Micro anatomy - ANSWER A subdivision of anatomy which requires the use of a
microscope.
Cytology - ANSWER Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of internal structures of individual cells. Cytologists study internal
structures of cells.
Histology - ANSWER Subdivision of micro anatomy:
The study of tissues (groups of cells).
Chemical Level of Organization (1) - ANSWER -Basic level
-Atoms (Ex. H and O atoms)
-Atoms join to form molecules (Ex. H2O, water)
Cellular Level of Organization (2) - ANSWER -Molecules form organelles which
form cells
-The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of life
•All cells contain chemicals but functions may differ (Ex. Red blood cells, neurons,
muscle cells)
Tissue Level of Organization (3) - ANSWER -A group of structurally similar cells
with a common function
-4 major tissues:
a) Epithelium
b) Connective Tissue (CT)
c) Muscle
d) Nervous
Organ Level of Organization (4) - ANSWER 2 or more tissues working together for
a common function
Ex. The stomach uses all 4 major tissues; it's function is digestion.
Organ System Level of Organization (5) - ANSWER Several related organs that
work together to accomplish a common purpose.
Ex. The respiratory system uses the trachea, bronchi, lungs and more to accomplish
the function of respiration.
,Organism Level of Organization (6) - ANSWER All organ systems function together
to maintain life (human being).
Note: Levels of organization is a hierarchy--each level contains those below.
Structure of an Atom - ANSWER The nucleus contains protons (p^+): positive
charge, and neurons (n^0): neutral charge. Electrons (e^-): negative charge, orbit the
nucleus.
Atoms are electrically neutral --> the number of protons is equal to the number of
electrons. Note that the number of neutrons may not be equal to these.
Ions - ANSWER If an atom gains or loses an electron, it is no longer electrically
neutral and becomes an ion. Atoms that gain(s) an electron(s) become negative ions
and are called anions. Atoms that lose an electron(s) become positive ions and are
called cations.
Important Ions (Electrolytes) (5) - ANSWER 1) Calcium (Ca^++)
2) Sodium (Na^+)
3) Potassium (K^+)
4) Hydrogen (H^+)
5) Chloride (Cl^-)
Chemical Bonds - ANSWER Bond (holds) atoms together to form molecules. They
allow the formation of chemical compounds that may be organic or inorganic.
Ionic Bond - ANSWER Type of chemical bond where ions are formed--electrons
transfer from one atom to another.
Ex. In NaCl, Na loses an electron while Cl gains an electron. The positive (Na+) and
negative (Cl-) ions attract, forming the bond. In water, NaCl dissociates
(dissolves/separates/ionizes) back into it's ions (Na+, Cl-).
Covalent Bond - ANSWER Type of chemical bond where electrons are shared
between atoms.
Ex. CH4
Organic Substances - ANSWER Contain covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms.
Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Inorganic Substances - ANSWER Usually lack carbon.
Ex. NaCl, H2O, O2
The exceptions to the carbon ruling include:
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Bicarbonate (HCO3^-)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Monoxide (CO)
Water (inorganic) - ANSWER -Water is the most abundant substance in cells.
-It contains two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom.
-Many reactions of the body either take place in or involve water.
, -It is a polar molecule which transports chemicals like O2 and nutrients.
-It maintains body temperature at 37°C.
Polar Molecules - ANSWER Contain an unequal sharing of electrons which leads to
a slight charge difference.
Acids - ANSWER -May be organic or inorganic.
-Acids dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen atoms (H^+).
•As [H+] increases, pH decreases
•Ex. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water ==> H+ + Cl-
Bases - ANSWER -May be organic or inorganic.
-In water, bases bind to free H+ atoms
•As [H+] decreases, pH increases
•Ex. NaOH in water ==> Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion); then OH- (base) + H+ ==> water
•Ex. HCO3- (bicarbonate; base) + H+ ==> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
•Note: OH- and HCO3- act as bases by binding to the free H+ ions
pH Scale - ANSWER -Reflects the concentration of free H+ in a solution.
-Basic --> acidic: increasing [H+]
0 ==========> 7.0 ==========> 14
acidic neutral basic(=alkaline)
-Ex. pH of blood ~7.35 - 7.45
Carbohydrate - ANSWER -An important organic substance consisting of C, H, O
-Chemical formula: C(H2O)n (n=#)
-Functions:
•Source of energy for cells Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)
•Used to build cellular structures Ex. DNA and RNA
Monosaccharides - ANSWER Simple sugars which are the basic building blocks of
other carbohydrates (CHO).
Ex. Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
Disaccharides - ANSWER The result of two monosaccharides covalently bonded
together.
Ex. Glucose + fructose ==> sucrose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER The result of many monosaccharides (basic building
blocks) bonded together.
Ex. Glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)
Lipids - ANSWER -Composed of C, H and O atoms (different ratio than
carbohydrates), they are insoluble (non-polar) in water.
-Ex. Fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, fatty acids (FA)
-Function:
a) Protect organs (padding)
b) Component of cell membranes
