BIOL 1410 Practice Midterm 2 Questions With Correct
Solutions, Already Passed!!
Anatomy - ANSWER -study of internal and external body structures
-relationships between structures (ex. bone and muscle)
Subdivisions of Anatomy - ANSWER -gross anatomy
-microanatomy
Anatomical position - ANSWER -palm facing forward, upright position, facing
forward
Gross Anatomy - ANSWER -visible to the eye
-ex. bones
Microanatomy - ANSWER -microscope required
-ex. cytology (study of internal structures of individual cells)
-ex. histology (study of tissues)
Levels of Organization - ANSWER -chemical
-cellular
-tissue
-organ
-organ system
-organism
Chemical Level - ANSWER -atoms (H and O atoms)
-atoms join to form mlc (H2O)
Cellular Level - ANSWER -molecules form organelles which form cells
-basic unit of structure and function-all cells contain chemicals, but their functions
may differ-ex. rbc, neurons, muscle cells
Tissue Level - ANSWER -a group of structurally similar cells with a common
function
-4 major types
Four Major Types of Tissues - ANSWER -nervous tissue
-epithelial tissue
-muscle tissue
-connective tissue
Organ Level - ANSWER -two or more tissues working together for a common
function
-ex. stomach (contains all four major tissues and the function is digestion)
,Organ System Level - ANSWER -several related organs that work together to
accomplish a common purpose
-ex. respiratory system (lungs, trachea, etc and the function is respiration)
Organism - ANSWER -all systems function together to maintain life
Structure of an Atom - ANSWER -nucleus contains protons (+ charge) and
neutrons (neutral)
-orbiting the nucleus are electrons (- charge)
*atoms are electrically neutral)
Anion - ANSWER -atom gains electrons and becomes a negative ion
Cation - ANSWER -atom loses electrons and becomes a positive ion
Important Ions - ANSWER Ca2+, Na+, K+, H+, Cl-
Chemical Bonds - ANSWER -bonds atoms together to form molecules
Ionic Bond - ANSWER -atom to atom transfer of electrons
-ex. NaCl (Na loses, Cl gains electron)
Covalent Bond - ANSWER -sharing electrons between atoms
-can be organic or inorganic
ex. o2
Organic Substances - ANSWER -have covalently bonded C atoms
-ex. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Inorganic Substances - ANSWER -usually lack C atoms
ex. H2o, NaCl, o2
Exceptions H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3 (Bicarbonate), CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO
(carbon monoxide)
Water (H2O) - ANSWER -most abundant substance in cells
-polar mlc
-universal solvent
-transports chemicals ex O2
-maintains body temperature ~ 37 degrees Celsius
Acids - ANSWER -may be organic or inorganic
-dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
-as concentration of H+ goes up, the pH goes down
ex. hyaluronic acid (HCl) in water
Bases - ANSWER -may be organic or inorganic
-substances that bind free H+ ions to form H2O
-as concentration of H+ goes down, the pH goes up
ex. NaOH in water
,ex. bicarbonate HCO3- + H+ = carbonic acid
pH Scale - ANSWER -concentration of free H+ in solution
-basic to acidic the concentration of H+ goes up
- 0 (acidic) ---- 7 (neutral) ---- 14 (basic)
Carbohydrates - ANSWER -consists of C, H, and O (CH2O)n
-organic substance
-source of energy for cells (ex. glucose)
-cellular structures (ex. DNA and RNA)
Monosaccharides - ANSWER -simple sugars
-ex. glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose
Disaccharides - ANSWER -two monosaccharides covalently bonded together
-ex. glucose + fructose = sucrose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER -many monosaccharides (basic building blocks)
bonded together
-ex. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
Lipids - ANSWER -consists of C, H, O
-organic substance
ex. fats, oils waxes
-insoluble (non polar) in water
Functions:
-protects organs (padding)
-builds cell membranes
-source of stored energy
Glycerides - ANSWER -most common lipid in body and diet
-composed of two building blocks: glycerol (backbone) and fatty acids (FA)
Monoglyceride - ANSWER -composed of glycerol and one fatty acid
Diglyceride - ANSWER -composed of glycerol and two fatty acids
Triglyceride - ANSWER -composed of glycerol and three fatty acids
Phospholipids - ANSWER -three building blocks: phosphate head group (polar
therefore hydrophilic), glycerol backbone (non polar therefore hydrophobic), 2 fatty
acid tails (non polar therefore hydrophobic)
-diglyceride with a phosphate group
Cholesterol - ANSWER -found in the cell membranes and used to synthesize
steroids
Steroids - ANSWER -derived from cholesterol
-ex. bile salts, vitamin D, hormones
, Proteins - ANSWER -consists of C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
ex. collagen that is attached to bones and muscles, albumin
-enzymes, hormones, transporters
-antibodies
-source of energy (especially when carbohydrates and lipids are in low supply)
-one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape
Amino Acids - ANSWER -basic building blocks of all proteins
-use the name of the amino acid itself
Dipeptides - ANSWER -two amino acids
Polypeptides - ANSWER -many amino acids
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER -consists of C, H, O, N, P
-2 forms: DNA and RNA
-building blocks are called nucleotides
Nucleotide - ANSWER -contains a phosphate,
monosaccharide (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), organic base
(adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)
DNA - ANSWER PO4-, deoxyribose, A, T, C, or G
-bases bind to form a double stranded helix (twisted ladder)
-A to T
-G to C
-alternating sugars and phosphates form uprights
-bases form rungs
Functions:
-cellular reproduction
-used as a template to make RNA
RNA - ANSWER PO4-, ribose, A, U, C, or G
-single stranded
-A to U
-G to C
Function: protein synthesis
ATP - ANSWER -energy stored in covalent bonds powers cellular activities
-organic mlc
-consists of 3 PO4-, ribose, and modified adenine
-breaking bonds creates immediately useable energy (ATP -> ADP + P)
The Cell - ANSWER -basic structural and functional unit of the body
-can perform all basic life functions
Cell Membrane - ANSWER -also known as plasma membrane or plasmalemma
-composed of phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, membrane proteins, membrane
carbohydrates, microvilli
Solutions, Already Passed!!
Anatomy - ANSWER -study of internal and external body structures
-relationships between structures (ex. bone and muscle)
Subdivisions of Anatomy - ANSWER -gross anatomy
-microanatomy
Anatomical position - ANSWER -palm facing forward, upright position, facing
forward
Gross Anatomy - ANSWER -visible to the eye
-ex. bones
Microanatomy - ANSWER -microscope required
-ex. cytology (study of internal structures of individual cells)
-ex. histology (study of tissues)
Levels of Organization - ANSWER -chemical
-cellular
-tissue
-organ
-organ system
-organism
Chemical Level - ANSWER -atoms (H and O atoms)
-atoms join to form mlc (H2O)
Cellular Level - ANSWER -molecules form organelles which form cells
-basic unit of structure and function-all cells contain chemicals, but their functions
may differ-ex. rbc, neurons, muscle cells
Tissue Level - ANSWER -a group of structurally similar cells with a common
function
-4 major types
Four Major Types of Tissues - ANSWER -nervous tissue
-epithelial tissue
-muscle tissue
-connective tissue
Organ Level - ANSWER -two or more tissues working together for a common
function
-ex. stomach (contains all four major tissues and the function is digestion)
,Organ System Level - ANSWER -several related organs that work together to
accomplish a common purpose
-ex. respiratory system (lungs, trachea, etc and the function is respiration)
Organism - ANSWER -all systems function together to maintain life
Structure of an Atom - ANSWER -nucleus contains protons (+ charge) and
neutrons (neutral)
-orbiting the nucleus are electrons (- charge)
*atoms are electrically neutral)
Anion - ANSWER -atom gains electrons and becomes a negative ion
Cation - ANSWER -atom loses electrons and becomes a positive ion
Important Ions - ANSWER Ca2+, Na+, K+, H+, Cl-
Chemical Bonds - ANSWER -bonds atoms together to form molecules
Ionic Bond - ANSWER -atom to atom transfer of electrons
-ex. NaCl (Na loses, Cl gains electron)
Covalent Bond - ANSWER -sharing electrons between atoms
-can be organic or inorganic
ex. o2
Organic Substances - ANSWER -have covalently bonded C atoms
-ex. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Inorganic Substances - ANSWER -usually lack C atoms
ex. H2o, NaCl, o2
Exceptions H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3 (Bicarbonate), CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO
(carbon monoxide)
Water (H2O) - ANSWER -most abundant substance in cells
-polar mlc
-universal solvent
-transports chemicals ex O2
-maintains body temperature ~ 37 degrees Celsius
Acids - ANSWER -may be organic or inorganic
-dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
-as concentration of H+ goes up, the pH goes down
ex. hyaluronic acid (HCl) in water
Bases - ANSWER -may be organic or inorganic
-substances that bind free H+ ions to form H2O
-as concentration of H+ goes down, the pH goes up
ex. NaOH in water
,ex. bicarbonate HCO3- + H+ = carbonic acid
pH Scale - ANSWER -concentration of free H+ in solution
-basic to acidic the concentration of H+ goes up
- 0 (acidic) ---- 7 (neutral) ---- 14 (basic)
Carbohydrates - ANSWER -consists of C, H, and O (CH2O)n
-organic substance
-source of energy for cells (ex. glucose)
-cellular structures (ex. DNA and RNA)
Monosaccharides - ANSWER -simple sugars
-ex. glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose
Disaccharides - ANSWER -two monosaccharides covalently bonded together
-ex. glucose + fructose = sucrose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER -many monosaccharides (basic building blocks)
bonded together
-ex. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
Lipids - ANSWER -consists of C, H, O
-organic substance
ex. fats, oils waxes
-insoluble (non polar) in water
Functions:
-protects organs (padding)
-builds cell membranes
-source of stored energy
Glycerides - ANSWER -most common lipid in body and diet
-composed of two building blocks: glycerol (backbone) and fatty acids (FA)
Monoglyceride - ANSWER -composed of glycerol and one fatty acid
Diglyceride - ANSWER -composed of glycerol and two fatty acids
Triglyceride - ANSWER -composed of glycerol and three fatty acids
Phospholipids - ANSWER -three building blocks: phosphate head group (polar
therefore hydrophilic), glycerol backbone (non polar therefore hydrophobic), 2 fatty
acid tails (non polar therefore hydrophobic)
-diglyceride with a phosphate group
Cholesterol - ANSWER -found in the cell membranes and used to synthesize
steroids
Steroids - ANSWER -derived from cholesterol
-ex. bile salts, vitamin D, hormones
, Proteins - ANSWER -consists of C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
ex. collagen that is attached to bones and muscles, albumin
-enzymes, hormones, transporters
-antibodies
-source of energy (especially when carbohydrates and lipids are in low supply)
-one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape
Amino Acids - ANSWER -basic building blocks of all proteins
-use the name of the amino acid itself
Dipeptides - ANSWER -two amino acids
Polypeptides - ANSWER -many amino acids
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER -consists of C, H, O, N, P
-2 forms: DNA and RNA
-building blocks are called nucleotides
Nucleotide - ANSWER -contains a phosphate,
monosaccharide (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), organic base
(adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)
DNA - ANSWER PO4-, deoxyribose, A, T, C, or G
-bases bind to form a double stranded helix (twisted ladder)
-A to T
-G to C
-alternating sugars and phosphates form uprights
-bases form rungs
Functions:
-cellular reproduction
-used as a template to make RNA
RNA - ANSWER PO4-, ribose, A, U, C, or G
-single stranded
-A to U
-G to C
Function: protein synthesis
ATP - ANSWER -energy stored in covalent bonds powers cellular activities
-organic mlc
-consists of 3 PO4-, ribose, and modified adenine
-breaking bonds creates immediately useable energy (ATP -> ADP + P)
The Cell - ANSWER -basic structural and functional unit of the body
-can perform all basic life functions
Cell Membrane - ANSWER -also known as plasma membrane or plasmalemma
-composed of phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, membrane proteins, membrane
carbohydrates, microvilli
