NUR276 test 1 Study Exam Questions and Answers

NUR276 test 1 Study Exam Questions and Answers What is osmosis? - Ans:-diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high What is diffusion? - Ans:-The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Hypotonic fluids - Ans:-D5W 0.45% NaCl Will decrease blood pressure and cause cell to swell Isotonic fluids - Ans:-0.9% Nacl RInger's Solution Lactated Ringer's Hypertonic fluids - Ans:-Increase in serum osmolarity. Pulls fluid into the blood vessels. Reduces risk of edema. ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/13 3% NS What is a colloid solution? - Ans:-albumin, dextran Where is ADH produced? - Ans:-hypothalamus Where is ADH stored? - Ans:-posterior pituitary What does ADH do? - Ans:-increases NaCl and H20 resorption in kidney increased intravascular volume How does ADH affect the body - Ans:-ADH stimulates kidney to retain water decreases volume of urine, increases concentration of urine What is serum osmolality? - Ans:-a measure of the solute concentration of the blood What is urine specific gravity? - Ans:-kidney's ability to regulate fluid balance & evaluate the hydration status of the body. If a patient is hypovolemic would their serum osmolality and urine specific gravity be low or high? - Ans:-HIGH Hypernatremia s/s - Ans:-You are 'fried' or S.A.L.T. F - Fever (low grade), flushed skin ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/13 R - Restless (irritable) I - Increased fluid retention and increased BP E - Edema (peripheral and pitting) D - Decreased urinary output, dry mouth S = Skin flushed A = Agitation L = Low-grade fever T = Thirst How do you treat hypernatremia - Ans:-Identify underlying cause Free water administered orally (or IV D5). Replace 50% in first 24 hours then the rest over 48 hours. Hyponatremia S/S - Ans:-Nausea Muscle cramps Confusion ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/13 Muscular twitching, coma Seizures Headache How do you treat hyponatremia - Ans:-Give the client sodium, limit fluids, I&Os Hyperkalemia S/S - Ans:-M.U.R.D.E.R. M - Muscle weakness U - Urine, oliguria, anuria R- Respiratory distress D - Decreased cardiac contractility E - ECG changes R - Reflexes, hyperreflexia, or areflexia (flaccid) How do you treat hyperkalemia - Ans:-Insulin Calcium gluconate to protect the heart kayexalate (will cause them to have BM to get rid of excess K+) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/13 Hypokalemia S/S - Ans:-A SIC WALT Alkalosis Shallow respiration Irritability Confusion and drowsiness Weakness and fatigue Arrhythmias- irregular heart rate, tachycardia Lethargy Thready pulse decrease intestinal mobility, nausea and vomiting Treatment for hypokalemia - Ans:-give potassium encourage increased potassium in diet Hypercalcemia S/S - Ans:-Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Neurosis, Dysrhythmias, Treatment of hypercalemia - Ans:-Encourage ambulation ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/13 loop diuretics to get rid of excess calcium give phosphate to inhibit GI absorption reduce dietary calcium Hypocalcemia S/S - Ans:-C.A.T.S. C - Convulsions A- Arrhythmias T - Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles) S - Spasms and seizures positive Chvostek and trousseaus Treatment of hypocalcemia - Ans:--IV calcium -Oral supplementation (calcium tablets, Tums) phosphate binding