©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NURS 5115 Fundamentals Exam 2 Study
Guide Solutions
Upper GI System consists of - Ans:✔✔-oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
Lower GI System consists of - Ans:✔✔-large intestine (colon), rectum, anus
oral cavity function - Ans:✔✔-mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
esophagus function - Ans:✔✔-food bolus propelled by peristalsis
stomach function - Ans:✔✔-chemical digestion, storage
small intestine function - Ans:✔✔-nutrient absorption
large intestine function - Ans:✔✔-absorption of water, sodium, chloride; secretion of bicarbonate,
potassium
rectum function - Ans:✔✔-empty until just prior to defecation
anus function - Ans:✔✔-internal and external sphincters; innervated by nerves that control continence
Page 1/33
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
basal metabolic rate - Ans:✔✔-body's energy requirement at rest (energy needed to sustain only life-
sustaining activities)
carbohydrates - Ans:✔✔-main energy source
proteins - Ans:✔✔-essential for tissue growth and repair
fats - Ans:✔✔-calorie dense, necessary for absorption of vitamins ADEK
water - Ans:✔✔-60-70% of body weight
vitamins and minerals - Ans:✔✔-essential for metabolism
digestion - Ans:✔✔-mechanical breakdown that results from chewing, churning, and mixing with fluid
and chemical reaction in which food reduces to its simplest form; involves hormones that regulate the
flow of digestion secretions, neurostimulation that helps peristalsis, and mechanical breakdown from
chewing; in a healthy person, food stays in the stomach 3 to 7 hours; major portion of absorption takes
place in small intestine (and takes about 5 hours)
Absorption - Ans:✔✔-the small intestine, lined with fingerlike projections called villi is the primary
absoprtion site for nutrients; the body absorbs nutrients by means of passive diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, and pinocytosis; absorption of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, and water soluble vitamins
occurs in the small intestine (85-90% of water is absorbed in the small intestine)
metabolism - Ans:✔✔-all biochemical reactions within the cells of the body
Page 2/33
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
anabolism - Ans:✔✔-building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients
catabolism - Ans:✔✔-breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances; occurs during
physiological states of negative nitrogen balance
elimination - Ans:✔✔-chyme moves by peristaltic action through the ileocecal valve in the large
intestine, where it becomes feces; water absorbs in the mucosa as feces move toard the rectum-- the
longer the materials stay in the large intestine, the more water is absorbed, and the firmer the feces will
be
Factors influencing nutrition - Ans:✔✔-environmental factors, lifespan considerations, religion, cultural
background, ethics, health beliefs, preference, vegetarian diets
Measures of nutritional status and GI tract - Ans:✔✔-subjective-- dietary and health history ("walk me
through 2 or 3 days of your diet")
objective-- physical examination (dysphagia or abnormal gag reflex), BMI, ideal body weight, serum
analysis (protein, albumin), stool sample (hemocult, culture)
dysphagia - Ans:✔✔-difficulty swallowing; might be coughing, could hear crackles, observe drooling, or
pocketing of food
Page 3/33
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
GI assessment, subjective: review of system, system specific history - Ans:✔✔-abdomen-- pain, nausea
and vomiting; hematemesis or coffee ground vomit; appetite; unintentional weight loss or gain; food
intolerances; heart burn; bowel patterns (frequency, character, color, flatulence)
Get a baseline of what is normal for patient and ask about changes
GI assessment, subjective: past medical history - Ans:✔✔-Abdomen-- GI disorders (GED, IBS, Celiac);
kidney disease, dialysis (peritoneal or hemodialysis); GI trauma or surgery, diagnostic tests; use of anti-
inflammatory medications, antibiotics; bowel habit changes
GI assessment, Subjective: family history - Ans:✔✔-cancer of the GI tract, kidney disease, alcoholism,
hypertension, heart disease
GI assessment, subjective: psychosocial history - Ans:✔✔-alcohol consumption, tobacco use; IV drug use;
sexual practices
GI assessment, subjective: environmental hazards - Ans:✔✔-hepatitis B exposure risk
equipment needed for objective abdominal assessment - Ans:✔✔-stethoscope, short fingernails
order of assessment for GI - Ans:✔✔-inspect
auscultate
Page 4/33
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NURS 5115 Fundamentals Exam 2 Study
Guide Solutions
Upper GI System consists of - Ans:✔✔-oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
Lower GI System consists of - Ans:✔✔-large intestine (colon), rectum, anus
oral cavity function - Ans:✔✔-mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
esophagus function - Ans:✔✔-food bolus propelled by peristalsis
stomach function - Ans:✔✔-chemical digestion, storage
small intestine function - Ans:✔✔-nutrient absorption
large intestine function - Ans:✔✔-absorption of water, sodium, chloride; secretion of bicarbonate,
potassium
rectum function - Ans:✔✔-empty until just prior to defecation
anus function - Ans:✔✔-internal and external sphincters; innervated by nerves that control continence
Page 1/33
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
basal metabolic rate - Ans:✔✔-body's energy requirement at rest (energy needed to sustain only life-
sustaining activities)
carbohydrates - Ans:✔✔-main energy source
proteins - Ans:✔✔-essential for tissue growth and repair
fats - Ans:✔✔-calorie dense, necessary for absorption of vitamins ADEK
water - Ans:✔✔-60-70% of body weight
vitamins and minerals - Ans:✔✔-essential for metabolism
digestion - Ans:✔✔-mechanical breakdown that results from chewing, churning, and mixing with fluid
and chemical reaction in which food reduces to its simplest form; involves hormones that regulate the
flow of digestion secretions, neurostimulation that helps peristalsis, and mechanical breakdown from
chewing; in a healthy person, food stays in the stomach 3 to 7 hours; major portion of absorption takes
place in small intestine (and takes about 5 hours)
Absorption - Ans:✔✔-the small intestine, lined with fingerlike projections called villi is the primary
absoprtion site for nutrients; the body absorbs nutrients by means of passive diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, and pinocytosis; absorption of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, and water soluble vitamins
occurs in the small intestine (85-90% of water is absorbed in the small intestine)
metabolism - Ans:✔✔-all biochemical reactions within the cells of the body
Page 2/33
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
anabolism - Ans:✔✔-building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients
catabolism - Ans:✔✔-breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances; occurs during
physiological states of negative nitrogen balance
elimination - Ans:✔✔-chyme moves by peristaltic action through the ileocecal valve in the large
intestine, where it becomes feces; water absorbs in the mucosa as feces move toard the rectum-- the
longer the materials stay in the large intestine, the more water is absorbed, and the firmer the feces will
be
Factors influencing nutrition - Ans:✔✔-environmental factors, lifespan considerations, religion, cultural
background, ethics, health beliefs, preference, vegetarian diets
Measures of nutritional status and GI tract - Ans:✔✔-subjective-- dietary and health history ("walk me
through 2 or 3 days of your diet")
objective-- physical examination (dysphagia or abnormal gag reflex), BMI, ideal body weight, serum
analysis (protein, albumin), stool sample (hemocult, culture)
dysphagia - Ans:✔✔-difficulty swallowing; might be coughing, could hear crackles, observe drooling, or
pocketing of food
Page 3/33
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
GI assessment, subjective: review of system, system specific history - Ans:✔✔-abdomen-- pain, nausea
and vomiting; hematemesis or coffee ground vomit; appetite; unintentional weight loss or gain; food
intolerances; heart burn; bowel patterns (frequency, character, color, flatulence)
Get a baseline of what is normal for patient and ask about changes
GI assessment, subjective: past medical history - Ans:✔✔-Abdomen-- GI disorders (GED, IBS, Celiac);
kidney disease, dialysis (peritoneal or hemodialysis); GI trauma or surgery, diagnostic tests; use of anti-
inflammatory medications, antibiotics; bowel habit changes
GI assessment, Subjective: family history - Ans:✔✔-cancer of the GI tract, kidney disease, alcoholism,
hypertension, heart disease
GI assessment, subjective: psychosocial history - Ans:✔✔-alcohol consumption, tobacco use; IV drug use;
sexual practices
GI assessment, subjective: environmental hazards - Ans:✔✔-hepatitis B exposure risk
equipment needed for objective abdominal assessment - Ans:✔✔-stethoscope, short fingernails
order of assessment for GI - Ans:✔✔-inspect
auscultate
Page 4/33
