PATHO EXAM 4 - NURS 3304 STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS

PATHO EXAM 4 - NURS 3304 STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS Kidney Functions - Ans:-removal of metabolic wastes maintenance of blood pressure through the influence of: •RAAS •atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) •aldosterone activation of vitamin D What do the kidneys regulate? - Ans:-acid-base balance fluid & electrolyte balance ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/56 erythropoiesis RAAS & aldosterone make blood pressure go ____________ - Ans:-up Atrial natriuretic peptide makes blood pressure go ________________ - Ans:-down Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - Ans:-how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Tests of Renal Function: Urine Analysis - Ans:-Can be clear yellow or amber Normal pH is 4.6-8.0 Normal specific gravity is 1.001-1.035 Urinary specific gravity - Ans:-Measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It measures the ratio of urine density compared with water density and provides information on the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. Tests of Renal Function: eGFR - Ans:-Serum creatinine used to calculate level of kidney function Urinary tract obstruction severity is based on: - Ans:-location ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/56 completeness involvement of ureters and/or kidneys duration cause The most damaging effects of urinary tract obstruction: - Ans:-urine stasis - infection & stone formation permanent kidney damage Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Hydronephrosis - Ans:-enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Hydroureter - Ans:-dilation of ureter ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/56 accumulation of urine in the ureter Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Ureterohydronephrosis - Ans:-dilation of both the ureter and the pelvicaliceal system Compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction due to upper urinary tract obstruction - Ans:-body's response to unilateral obstruction growth factors cause unobstructed kidney to increase in size and function Clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction - Ans:-Depends on the site, cause, and speed of development nausea, vomiting, and oliguria are common Urinary obstruction manifestations: slowly progressive obstructions that cause hydronephrosis - Ans:-may have no symptoms Urinary obstruction manifestations: obstruction of the urethra or bladder outlet - Ans:-may cause pain, pressure, and distention of the bladder. ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/56 Urinary obstruction manifestations: obstruction begins quickly and distends the bladder, ureter, and/or the kidney - Ans:-sudden pain Urinary obstruction manifestations: narrowing of the ureteropelvic junction - Ans:-totally destroys the kidney but produces little pain Renal calculi formation - Ans:-↑ concentration of one or more stone components (e.g. calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate) precipitation of a salt from liquid to solid state growth into a stone via crystallization or accumulation deficiency of stone inhibitors Renal calculi manifestations - Ans:-Flank pain: •renal colic- acute, intermittent, & excruciating •noncolicky- dull, deep ache (mild to severe) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/56 nausea, vomiting, dehydration Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - Ans:-Inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria Most common pathogen causing urinary tract infection - Ans:-Escherichia coli Who is at risk for a UTI? - Ans:-women elderly children (diapers)