©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2250 EXAM 4 (final exam review)
Study Guide with Complete Solutions
stimulus - Ans:✔✔-detection by interaction with cellular proteins
a change in cellular properties that generates a signal to other cells
(chemical and electrical)
causes a change in physiological state
Control Systems - Ans:✔✔-(1) measure
(2) compare to desired values
(3) compute what changes need to be made
(4) correct and carry out
negative feedback process - Ans:✔✔-limited the change in physiological process
Page 1/59
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
most common
postive feedback - Ans:✔✔-Accelerates the change in a physiological process
Inherently uncontrollable
Found in clotting and reproduction
feedback systems - Ans:✔✔-either on or off
there is no in between
homeostasis is based on 2 types of cells - Ans:✔✔-Neurons -- capable of electrical current flows across
membrane
Endocrine cells - Release of chemical messengers into the blood
differences between neurons and endocrine cells in homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-(1) signal speed
Page 2/59
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
(2) number of cells affect
(3) precision
(4) extensive overlap
what is regulated? - Ans:✔✔-critical factors that can cause rapid death (T, pH, amount of O2, etc)
less critical yet still improtant (blood levels of nutrients)
endocrine signaling - Ans:✔✔-Regulated secretion of extracellular signal
Diffusion of signal into blood & circulation throughout body
Diffusion of signal into extracellular space
Binding (interacting) with target cell
Page 3/59
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
slower time frame, longer lasting effects
diffusion towards target cells, recognition effect
endocrine vs exocrine secretion - Ans:✔✔-endocrine (inner secretion)
exocrine (outer secretion)
sensory cells --> afferent (into) CNS input --> efferent (out of) response
paracrine vs autocrine - Ans:✔✔-paracrine (secretion to neighbors)
autocrine (secretion to oneself)
endocrine tissue - Ans:✔✔-Cells or glands (Derived from epithelium but also nervous tissue)
hormones (chemical messengers) very low concentrations
Page 4/59
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2250 EXAM 4 (final exam review)
Study Guide with Complete Solutions
stimulus - Ans:✔✔-detection by interaction with cellular proteins
a change in cellular properties that generates a signal to other cells
(chemical and electrical)
causes a change in physiological state
Control Systems - Ans:✔✔-(1) measure
(2) compare to desired values
(3) compute what changes need to be made
(4) correct and carry out
negative feedback process - Ans:✔✔-limited the change in physiological process
Page 1/59
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
most common
postive feedback - Ans:✔✔-Accelerates the change in a physiological process
Inherently uncontrollable
Found in clotting and reproduction
feedback systems - Ans:✔✔-either on or off
there is no in between
homeostasis is based on 2 types of cells - Ans:✔✔-Neurons -- capable of electrical current flows across
membrane
Endocrine cells - Release of chemical messengers into the blood
differences between neurons and endocrine cells in homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-(1) signal speed
Page 2/59
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
(2) number of cells affect
(3) precision
(4) extensive overlap
what is regulated? - Ans:✔✔-critical factors that can cause rapid death (T, pH, amount of O2, etc)
less critical yet still improtant (blood levels of nutrients)
endocrine signaling - Ans:✔✔-Regulated secretion of extracellular signal
Diffusion of signal into blood & circulation throughout body
Diffusion of signal into extracellular space
Binding (interacting) with target cell
Page 3/59
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
slower time frame, longer lasting effects
diffusion towards target cells, recognition effect
endocrine vs exocrine secretion - Ans:✔✔-endocrine (inner secretion)
exocrine (outer secretion)
sensory cells --> afferent (into) CNS input --> efferent (out of) response
paracrine vs autocrine - Ans:✔✔-paracrine (secretion to neighbors)
autocrine (secretion to oneself)
endocrine tissue - Ans:✔✔-Cells or glands (Derived from epithelium but also nervous tissue)
hormones (chemical messengers) very low concentrations
Page 4/59
