PNB 2250 EXAM 4 (final exam review) Study GUIDE

PNB 2250 EXAM 4 (final exam review) Study GUIDE stimulus - Ans:-detection by interaction with cellular proteins a change in cellular properties that generates a signal to other cells (chemical and electrical) causes a change in physiological state Control Systems - Ans:-(1) measure (2) compare to desired values (3) compute what changes need to be made ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/60 (4) correct and carry out negative feedback process - Ans:-limited the change in physiological process most common postive feedback - Ans:-Accelerates the change in a physiological process Inherently uncontrollable Found in clotting and reproduction feedback systems - Ans:-either on or off there is no in between homeostasis is based on 2 types of cells - Ans:-Neurons -- capable of electrical current flows across membrane ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/60 Endocrine cells - Release of chemical messengers into the blood differences between neurons and endocrine cells in homeostasis - Ans:-(1) signal speed (2) number of cells affect (3) precision (4) extensive overlap what is regulated? - Ans:-critical factors that can cause rapid death (T, pH, amount of O2, etc) less critical yet still improtant (blood levels of nutrients) endocrine signaling - Ans:-Regulated secretion of extracellular signal Diffusion of signal into blood & circulation throughout body Diffusion of signal into extracellular space ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/60 Binding (interacting) with target cell slower time frame, longer lasting effects diffusion towards target cells, recognition effect endocrine vs exocrine secretion - Ans:-endocrine (inner secretion) exocrine (outer secretion) sensory cells -- afferent (into) CNS input -- efferent (out of) response paracrine vs autocrine - Ans:-paracrine (secretion to neighbors) autocrine (secretion to oneself) endocrine tissue - Ans:-Cells or glands (Derived from epithelium but also nervous tissue) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/60 hormones (chemical messengers) very low concentrations movement via diffusion (why circulation is so important) target cells recognize message endocrine glands - Ans:-Pancreas parathyroid pituitary thyroid adrenal gonads placenta (mammals only) endocrine tissue within other glands - Ans:-heart ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/60 liver kidney GI adipose neuron signaling - Ans:-change in membrane properties, current flow action potential through electrical signal Neurons - Ans:-axon, dendrite, cell body, recognizable in any animal information input (dendrites), information output (axons) cell membrane generates currents where ions flow across using different types of channels ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 7/60 Dendrites - Ans:-branched or single membrane process smaller spines ligand and voltage gated channels (chemicals outside or voltage changes in the membrane) information input (passive and active zone) Cell Body of Nerve - Ans:-prominent nucleus