©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2250- Core Temperature Regulation
Exam Study Guide
Large animals - Ans:✔✔-heat is lost and gained slowly so on a hot day the animal never deviates much
from core temperature
-Doesn't need to replace heat as quickly
-only needs to eat 25% of body weight
Small animals - Ans:✔✔--Heat is gained and lost quickly
- Has to eat as much as 4 times the body weight each day to maintain heat
Dinosaurs - Ans:✔✔-Core temperature ranged from 32-43 degrees celsius
Were able to keep core temperature above environmental temperature
-endothermy or gigantothermy
-Reached the reproductive competency prior to adult size- like reptiles
Dinosaurs continued - Ans:✔✔-Many dinosaurs had feathers
Page 1/22
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
--> helped regulate core temperature
-Likely homeothermic if with wings
- No wings= ecto/heterotherm
-feathers evolved scales
Factors that affect core temperature - Ans:✔✔--Environment- Heat loss/gain via conduction, convection
or radiation (aquatic vs. terrestrial)
-Tissue placement- Heat throughout an animal body is not consistent--> affected by distance from
surface, blood flow
Counter-current - Ans:✔✔-- The arrangement of blood vessels within the periphery of the body can
dramatically save heat loss or prevent heat gain
-Veins/arteries are parallel and next to each other
Specific Heat capacity - Ans:✔✔-Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of raise the kg of any
substance 1 degree
-k= energy (joules)/mass (change in temperature)
-K is the ability of materials to transfer heat
-Materials vary in the amount of heat required to change their core temperature
Page 2/22
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Specific heat capacity continued - Ans:✔✔-•A higher ! is an indication of the rapid transfer of
heat
•Materials with low ! are effective insulators
◦ Feathers, fat, skin
•k can be changed by
reducing blood flow to the
skin surface, posture (fetal
position), changing skin,
hair in feather coloration
Peripheral Vasodilation - Ans:✔✔--Blood vessels carry heat from within and out the surface
-If the blood vessels are prevented from bringing blood to the surface- decreases heat loss
External factors - Ans:✔✔--feathers, scales, skin thickness etc.
-environment, season activity
affects Hcr, Hr, and He
Page 3/22
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2250- Core Temperature Regulation
Exam Study Guide
Large animals - Ans:✔✔-heat is lost and gained slowly so on a hot day the animal never deviates much
from core temperature
-Doesn't need to replace heat as quickly
-only needs to eat 25% of body weight
Small animals - Ans:✔✔--Heat is gained and lost quickly
- Has to eat as much as 4 times the body weight each day to maintain heat
Dinosaurs - Ans:✔✔-Core temperature ranged from 32-43 degrees celsius
Were able to keep core temperature above environmental temperature
-endothermy or gigantothermy
-Reached the reproductive competency prior to adult size- like reptiles
Dinosaurs continued - Ans:✔✔-Many dinosaurs had feathers
Page 1/22
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
--> helped regulate core temperature
-Likely homeothermic if with wings
- No wings= ecto/heterotherm
-feathers evolved scales
Factors that affect core temperature - Ans:✔✔--Environment- Heat loss/gain via conduction, convection
or radiation (aquatic vs. terrestrial)
-Tissue placement- Heat throughout an animal body is not consistent--> affected by distance from
surface, blood flow
Counter-current - Ans:✔✔-- The arrangement of blood vessels within the periphery of the body can
dramatically save heat loss or prevent heat gain
-Veins/arteries are parallel and next to each other
Specific Heat capacity - Ans:✔✔-Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of raise the kg of any
substance 1 degree
-k= energy (joules)/mass (change in temperature)
-K is the ability of materials to transfer heat
-Materials vary in the amount of heat required to change their core temperature
Page 2/22
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Specific heat capacity continued - Ans:✔✔-•A higher ! is an indication of the rapid transfer of
heat
•Materials with low ! are effective insulators
◦ Feathers, fat, skin
•k can be changed by
reducing blood flow to the
skin surface, posture (fetal
position), changing skin,
hair in feather coloration
Peripheral Vasodilation - Ans:✔✔--Blood vessels carry heat from within and out the surface
-If the blood vessels are prevented from bringing blood to the surface- decreases heat loss
External factors - Ans:✔✔--feathers, scales, skin thickness etc.
-environment, season activity
affects Hcr, Hr, and He
Page 3/22
