©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2274 Exam 1 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Anatomy and Physiology - Ans:✔✔-study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position - Ans:✔✔-standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking
forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Orientation - Ans:✔✔-allows us to describe the relative position of one body structure in
relation to another
Inferior/Superior - Ans:✔✔-low/high
Rostral/Caudal - Ans:✔✔-towards head/towards tail
Anterior/Posterior - Ans:✔✔-front/back
Medial/Lateral - Ans:✔✔-towards middle/away from midline
Proximal/Distal - Ans:✔✔-near/far
3 Anatomic Planes - Ans:✔✔-1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)
3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment though
the external environment changes continuously, maintained to ensure survival and proper biological
functioning of the cell constituents
Homeostatic Control Systems - Ans:✔✔-mechanisms that monitor the internal environment and correct
as needed
Local Control - Ans:✔✔-isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts locally
Reflex Control - Ans:✔✔-long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or neural responses
Response Loop - Ans:✔✔-Stimulus: change in environment
Sensor: receptor
Input: afferent neuron
Controller: integrating center
Output: hormone/neuron
Target
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Response: change corrected
Integrator - Ans:✔✔-possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals and responds to
the error by controlling the target effector
Feedback - Ans:✔✔-some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to regulate its
further output
Negative Feedback Loops - Ans:✔✔--occurs when the system cuts to oppose changes to the input of the
system
-shut off original input
-help maintain homeostasis
-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
-counteract bodily disruption
-most common
Positive Feedback Loops - Ans:✔✔--occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the
input of the system
-require outside factors to shut down the system
-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2274 Exam 1 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Anatomy and Physiology - Ans:✔✔-study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position - Ans:✔✔-standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking
forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Orientation - Ans:✔✔-allows us to describe the relative position of one body structure in
relation to another
Inferior/Superior - Ans:✔✔-low/high
Rostral/Caudal - Ans:✔✔-towards head/towards tail
Anterior/Posterior - Ans:✔✔-front/back
Medial/Lateral - Ans:✔✔-towards middle/away from midline
Proximal/Distal - Ans:✔✔-near/far
3 Anatomic Planes - Ans:✔✔-1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
Page 1/29
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)
3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment though
the external environment changes continuously, maintained to ensure survival and proper biological
functioning of the cell constituents
Homeostatic Control Systems - Ans:✔✔-mechanisms that monitor the internal environment and correct
as needed
Local Control - Ans:✔✔-isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts locally
Reflex Control - Ans:✔✔-long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or neural responses
Response Loop - Ans:✔✔-Stimulus: change in environment
Sensor: receptor
Input: afferent neuron
Controller: integrating center
Output: hormone/neuron
Target
Page 2/29
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Response: change corrected
Integrator - Ans:✔✔-possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals and responds to
the error by controlling the target effector
Feedback - Ans:✔✔-some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to regulate its
further output
Negative Feedback Loops - Ans:✔✔--occurs when the system cuts to oppose changes to the input of the
system
-shut off original input
-help maintain homeostasis
-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
-counteract bodily disruption
-most common
Positive Feedback Loops - Ans:✔✔--occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the
input of the system
-require outside factors to shut down the system
-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint
Page 3/29
