PNB 2274 Exam 3 (Chen) Practice Questions and Answers

PNB 2274 Exam 3 (Chen) Practice Questions and Answers What protects the brain? (3 things) - Ans:-1. The bones of the cranium 2. The cranial meninges 3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) What are the cranial meninges? (List superficial to deep) - Ans:-1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia mater Dura Mater - Ans:-- "Hard mother" - 2 fibrous layers - Space between layers contains tissue fluids, blood vessels and lymphatic system! Arachnoid - Ans:-- Arachnoid membrane: Epithelial layer - Subarachnoid space ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/21 - Does not follow the brain's underlying folds Pia Mater - Ans:-- Follows the brain's underlying folds - Accompanies the branches of cerebral blood vessels - Protect central nervous system by containing CSF which cushions brain and spine The Brain receives constant supply of blood regardless of activity - Ans:-Membrane transporters move glucose plasma into the brain interstitial fluid Progressive _____________ leads to confusion, unconsciousness, and death - Ans:-(Progressive) *Hypoglycemia* Oxygen can freely pass across the blood-brain barrier. True or false. - Ans:-True The brain consumes about __________ of the body's glucose. - Ans:-Half What arteries supply the brain with blood? (2 answers) - Ans:-- Internal carotid arteries - Vertebral arteries What veins drain blood from the brain, returning it to the heart via the superior vena cava? (1 answer) - Ans:-- Internal jugular veins ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/21 Anastomosis - Ans:-A cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers, or other parts of a network. Circle of Willis - Ans:-- A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures - It is named after Thomas Willis (), an English physician Collateral Circulation - Ans:-Is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path Blood-Brain Barrier is composed of....(3 answers) - Ans:--Endothelial cells (tight junctions) -Basal Lamina -Astrocyte foot processes Functions of the BBB - Ans:-- Limit paracellular solute flux - Regulate composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid What is the neurovascular unit composed of? - Ans:-- Capillaries - Neurons - Glial cells ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/21 - Endothelial cells - Pericytes Glial cells compose of ___________ and ____________ - Ans:-Astrocytes and microglial Pericytes are known for __________ and producing _________ _____________ - Ans:-contractility; angiogenic factors All together the neurovascular unit plays a role in - Ans:-Regulation of regional blood flow Clicker Question! From breadth to breadth, which one of the following will be more subjected to a change in pH? a. Brain interstitial fluid b. Plasma - Ans:-Brain interstitial fluid Brain Interstitial Fluid vs. Plasma (5 answers) - Ans:-Brain Interstitial Fluid - Lower pH (7.33) resulting from a higher pCO2 (50mmHg) - Very low protein content (0.2 g/l), resulting in a low buffering capacity - Lower glucose concentration - Low K (due to absorption of K into the blood) ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/21 - Low HCO3- Blood vessel related CNS Pathologies involving the BBB - Ans:-- Traumatic brain injury - Hypertension - Diabetes - Ischemia, hypoxia - Migraine - Pain (inflammatory, surgical) - Multiple sclerosis Bacterial/virus related CNS Pathologies involving the BBB - Ans:-- HIV-encepha