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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions
and Answers
anatomy - Ans:✔✔-how does it look?
physiology - Ans:✔✔-what does it do?
gross anatomy - Ans:✔✔-structures you can see with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy - Ans:✔✔-structures you can only see with magnification, cells/ tissues
anatomy position - Ans:✔✔-standing upright, palms facing out, feet on the floor, facing forward
anterior - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, front
posterior - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, back
ventral - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, front (animal)
dorsal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, back (animal)
medial - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, towards the middle
Page 1/43
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lateral - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, towards the side
proximal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, close to
distal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, far from
coronal plane - Ans:✔✔-frontal plane
transverse plane - Ans:✔✔-horizontal plane
midsaggital plane - Ans:✔✔-middle plane
homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment, though
the external environment changes
reflex control - Ans:✔✔-long distance control of homeostasis, using either neural or hormonal signals
local control - Ans:✔✔-control of homeostasis at a cellular level, isolated changes in a few cells or a
tissue (i.e. environment of the cell, fluid level, etc)
input, controller, output - Ans:✔✔-3 major components of homeostatic mechanism
input - Ans:✔✔-the signal of the homeostatic mechanism; something is changing and needs to be
adjusted; stimulus detected by a sensor
Page 2/43
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controller - Ans:✔✔-aka integrating center, makes a decision about what to do about the stimulus, often
the CNS
output - Ans:✔✔-in homeostatic mechanism, this signal is how the correction is made. Needs a target or
effector
set point - Ans:✔✔-in homeostatic mechanisms, this range determines what is within healthy
boundaries. A high enough error will result in an output. Can be modified (i.e. fever to combat infection)
insulin - Ans:✔✔-lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
glucagon - Ans:✔✔-increases blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
negative feedback - Ans:✔✔-feedback loops that works to return the state of the organism back to the
set point. Maintains homeostasis by counteracting disruption. Self terminating
Positive feedback - Ans:✔✔-feedback loops that amplify the stimulus, output is fed back into the system
to increase output. These do not shut themselves off, require outside factors
positive feedback - Ans:✔✔-Hormone control during childbirth, lactation, and blood clotting are
examples of this type of feedback
negative feedback - Ans:✔✔-glucose levels, heart rate, etc. are examples of this type of feedback
Page 3/43
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
phospholipid bilayer - Ans:✔✔-composed of hydrophobic tails and heads; fluid mosaic; forms the plasma
membrane. Serves as a physical barrier, gateway for exchange, communication, and attachment site
passive transport - Ans:✔✔-transport that requires no extra energy; movement occurs randomly from
areas of high concentration to low concentration
active transport - Ans:✔✔-transport that requires energy typically in the form of ATP; molecules are
moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration, AGAINST concentration gradient
simple diffusion - Ans:✔✔-random motion of molecules in solution that results in spread of molecules
from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Net movement until the concentrations are
equal. Can occur in open system or across partition (plasma membrane)
flux - Ans:✔✔-how much does a concentration drop over a distance; overall flow
Fick's Law - Ans:✔✔-describes the movement of molecules in 1 dimension. The overall flow is the
negative of the product of the diffusion coefficient and concentration gradient
Temperature, friction, area, membrane permeability, membrane thickness, concentration gradient -
Ans:✔✔-factors that affect the rate of diffusion
increased - Ans:✔✔-increased temperature results in ____________ rate of diffusion
decreased - Ans:✔✔-increased friction results in ___________ rate of diffusion
Page 4/43
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions
and Answers
anatomy - Ans:✔✔-how does it look?
physiology - Ans:✔✔-what does it do?
gross anatomy - Ans:✔✔-structures you can see with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy - Ans:✔✔-structures you can only see with magnification, cells/ tissues
anatomy position - Ans:✔✔-standing upright, palms facing out, feet on the floor, facing forward
anterior - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, front
posterior - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, back
ventral - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, front (animal)
dorsal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, back (animal)
medial - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, towards the middle
Page 1/43
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
lateral - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, towards the side
proximal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, close to
distal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, far from
coronal plane - Ans:✔✔-frontal plane
transverse plane - Ans:✔✔-horizontal plane
midsaggital plane - Ans:✔✔-middle plane
homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment, though
the external environment changes
reflex control - Ans:✔✔-long distance control of homeostasis, using either neural or hormonal signals
local control - Ans:✔✔-control of homeostasis at a cellular level, isolated changes in a few cells or a
tissue (i.e. environment of the cell, fluid level, etc)
input, controller, output - Ans:✔✔-3 major components of homeostatic mechanism
input - Ans:✔✔-the signal of the homeostatic mechanism; something is changing and needs to be
adjusted; stimulus detected by a sensor
Page 2/43
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
controller - Ans:✔✔-aka integrating center, makes a decision about what to do about the stimulus, often
the CNS
output - Ans:✔✔-in homeostatic mechanism, this signal is how the correction is made. Needs a target or
effector
set point - Ans:✔✔-in homeostatic mechanisms, this range determines what is within healthy
boundaries. A high enough error will result in an output. Can be modified (i.e. fever to combat infection)
insulin - Ans:✔✔-lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
glucagon - Ans:✔✔-increases blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
negative feedback - Ans:✔✔-feedback loops that works to return the state of the organism back to the
set point. Maintains homeostasis by counteracting disruption. Self terminating
Positive feedback - Ans:✔✔-feedback loops that amplify the stimulus, output is fed back into the system
to increase output. These do not shut themselves off, require outside factors
positive feedback - Ans:✔✔-Hormone control during childbirth, lactation, and blood clotting are
examples of this type of feedback
negative feedback - Ans:✔✔-glucose levels, heart rate, etc. are examples of this type of feedback
Page 3/43
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
phospholipid bilayer - Ans:✔✔-composed of hydrophobic tails and heads; fluid mosaic; forms the plasma
membrane. Serves as a physical barrier, gateway for exchange, communication, and attachment site
passive transport - Ans:✔✔-transport that requires no extra energy; movement occurs randomly from
areas of high concentration to low concentration
active transport - Ans:✔✔-transport that requires energy typically in the form of ATP; molecules are
moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration, AGAINST concentration gradient
simple diffusion - Ans:✔✔-random motion of molecules in solution that results in spread of molecules
from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Net movement until the concentrations are
equal. Can occur in open system or across partition (plasma membrane)
flux - Ans:✔✔-how much does a concentration drop over a distance; overall flow
Fick's Law - Ans:✔✔-describes the movement of molecules in 1 dimension. The overall flow is the
negative of the product of the diffusion coefficient and concentration gradient
Temperature, friction, area, membrane permeability, membrane thickness, concentration gradient -
Ans:✔✔-factors that affect the rate of diffusion
increased - Ans:✔✔-increased temperature results in ____________ rate of diffusion
decreased - Ans:✔✔-increased friction results in ___________ rate of diffusion
Page 4/43
