TExES SPED 161 Exam (EC-12) 2024 Update!!.

TExES SPED 161 Exam (EC-12) 2024 Update!!


Presentation- Review Modules - (correct answer) - ij ij ij ij ij ij




Mental Retardation - (correct answer) -Most likely, a student who demonstrates below
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average intellectual functioning as well as deficits in adaptive behavior.
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Receptive Language - (correct answer) -A student who is often asking his teacher to repeat
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questions and directions for tasks. He is unable to retain elements of a story when the
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teacher reads aloud.
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Cannot adequately receive language or understand/process what the teacher means
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when speaking.
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Expressive Language - (correct answer) -Describes how a person communicates their ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij



wants and needs.
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Being able to put thoughts into words and sentences in a way that makes sense and is
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grammatically accurate. Related to: Articulation and Fluency.
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Non-Referenced Tests - (correct answer) -The student's performance is compared to ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij



his/her peers to determine achievement. The performance of one student is compared to
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the average performance of other students who are the same age or grade level.
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Informal Measures - (correct answer) -Anecdotal records (short story used by educators to
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record a significant incident they have observed) are collected to determine student
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achievement.
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The student's parents are interviewed to determine student achievement.
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Criterion Referenced Testing - (correct answer) -The student's performance is compared
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to an external criterion to determine achievement.
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Screening - (correct answer) -After reviewing group achievement from the previous year,
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Mr. Hill notices that Anna's math scores were a bit low. He administered informal mini
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assessments to the class to determine if she was behind her peers. What assessment
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process is he involved in?
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This screening should reveal any differences between Anna and her peers and may
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motivate him to move forward with more formal evaluation.
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Diagnosis/Program Placement - (correct answer) -Identification of a disability/placement ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij



into a program.
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,IEP- Individualized Education Program: A written education plan designed to meet a child's
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learning needs.
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Program Evaluation - (correct answer) -A method used for collecting, analyzing and using
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info to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their
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effectiveness and efficiency.
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Constructivist Theory- ij



Bruner - (correct answer) -Piaget's theory, in which cognitive development results from
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children's active construction of reality, based on their experiences with the world.
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Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based
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upon their current/past knowledge.
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Theory of Instruction - (correct answer) -1. Predisposition towards learning
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2. The ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that is can be most readily
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grasped by the learner
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3. The most effective sequences in which to present material
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4. The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments
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Good methods for structuring knowledge should result in simplifying, generating new
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propositions and increasing the manipulation of information.
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Multiple Intelligences & Seven Forms- ij ij ij ij



Gardner - (correct answer) -Focused mainly on child development but applies to all ages.
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Suggests that there are a number of distinct forms of intelligence that each individual
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possesses in varying degrees.
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1. Linguistic (language)- involves written and spoken word. You find it easy to express
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yourself both in writing and verbally. You like playing on the meaning or sounds of words,
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such as tongue twisters or rhymes.
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2. Musical- ability to understand and process sound, rhythm, patterns in sound,
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relationships between sounds and ability to process rhymes and other auditory info.
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3. Logical-Mathematical: ability to reason, solve problems and learn using numbers,
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abstract visual info and analysis of cause and effect.
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4. Spatial (encoding info through space and its' recall)- thinking in pictures rather than with
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words.
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5. Body-Kinesthetic:
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processing info through hand/body movement, control and expression. ij ij ij ij ij ij ij




6. Intrapersonal (insight, metacognition) - more private, introspective and independent.
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Aware of your own thinking.
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, 7. Interpersonal (social skills)- ability to interact with and understand other people and
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social situations.
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Social Development Theory- Vygotsky - (correct answer) -Social interaction plays a
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fundamental role in the development of cognition.
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1. Social level (Inter-psychological)
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then...
2. Individual level (Intra-psychological)
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The idea that the potential for cognitive development depends upon the ZPD (zone of
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proximal development)- level of development attained when children engage in social
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behavior.
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Behavioral Theory (operant conditioning)- B.F. Skinner - (correct answer) -The idea that
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learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an
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individual's response to stimuli that occur in the environment. Response produces a
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consequence.
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Reinforcement- anything that strengthens the desired response. ij ij ij ij ij ij



Ex. verbal praise, a good grade or a feeling of increased accomplishment or satisfaction.
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Negative Reinforcer- stimulus that results in increased frequency of a response when it is
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withdrawn- punishment.
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Multicultural Education & 7 Key Characteristics - (correct answer) -Any form of education ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij



or teaching that incorporates the histories, texts, values, beliefs and perspectives of
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people from different cultural backgrounds.
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1. Delivery- must acknowledge and address a diversity of learning styles while challenging
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dynamics of power and privilege in the classroom.
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2. Content- must all be complete and accurate, acknowledging the contributions and
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perspectives of ALL groups.
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3. Teaching and Learning Materials- must be diverse and critically examined for bias.
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4. Perspective- must be presented from a variety of perspectives and angles in order to be
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accurate and complete.
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5. Critical Inclusivity- students must be engaged in the teaching and learning process-
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transcend the banking method and facilitate experiences in which students learn from
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each other's experiences and perspectives.
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6. Social and Civic Responsibility- we must educate them about social justice issues and
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model a sense of civic responsibility, within the curriculum if they are ever to participate in
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equitable democracy.
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